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Class –XChapter – Our Environment
The immediate surrounding of an organism that consists of both living and non-living
components is called an environment. The two components of an environment i,e living and
non-living interact with each other to form structural and functional unit of biosphere, which
is called as ecosystem.
Types Of Ecosystem-
Natural Ecosystem- They function on their own without any human involvement. Eg.Forest,
Ocean, Desert and Grassland.
Artificial Ecosystem- These are maintained by human beings. Eg. Garden, Aquarium.
Components Of Ecosystem: Biotic and Abiotic
Abiotic Components: These are non-living components of environment which includes
inorganic compounds( Eg. CO2, H2O, C, N, O) and organic compounds( Protein, lipids,
nucleic acid and climatic factor( soil, humidity, temperature)
Biotic Components: Includes all the living organisms that are categorised into three
main types depending on their food requirement.
a) Producers: all those organisms that have the ability to prepare their own food by the
process of photosynthesis, also known as autotrophs.eg.All green plants and blue
green algae.
b) Consumers: They obtain food from producers as they cannot undergo the process of
photosynthesis, also called as heterotrophs.eg. All animals.
Consumers are mainly of 4 types:
i) Primary Consumers: Animals that eat mainly plants, also called herbivores. eg. goat,deer
ii) Secondary Consumers: Animals that feed on the flesh of herbivores.eg.dog,cat,fox etc.
iii) Tertiary Consumers: Larger carnivores that feed on primary and secondary
consumers.eg.snake, wolve etc.
iv) Quaternary Consumers: Top carnivores that feed on tertiary consumers. Eg.shark,
crocodile, lion etc.
c) Decomposers: These includes microorganisms, bacteria and fungi which feeds on dead
producers and consumers and degrade them into simple forms.
Food Chain-
It is the sequential interlinkage of organisms involved in transfer of food energy by different
biotic components.
Examples of Food Chains: Simple food chain operating in a grass land or forest
Grass(Producer) → Deer(Herbivore) → Lion(Carnivore)
In this food chain, grass represent the producers (first tropic level). Grass synthesize
, their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Grass is eaten up by deer, which
represents the herbivores or the primary consumers. Deer in turn is consumed by lion,
the carnivores or the secondary consumers.
A food chain in grassland which has four steps is :
Grass(Producers) → Insect(Herbivores) → Frog(Carnivores) → Eagle(Secondary
Carnivore)
Significance of Food Chains
The study of food chains helps in understanding food relationships and
interactions among the various organisms in an ecosystem. The food chains,
transfer energy and materials between various
The food chains transfer energy and materials between various living
components in an ecosystem or biosphere.
The food chains give dynamicity to an ecosystem or biosphere.
The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc., through food
chains, can prove very harmful.
The flow of energy starts from producers which fixes solar energy in the form of chemical
energy. This energy is transferred to chain of differernt consumers.
Each biotic component occupies a definite position in a food chain, where energy transfer
Occurs, this position is called Trophic level.
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