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FULL TEST BANK
Test bank for Janeway's
Immunobiology 9th Edition by
Kenneth Murphy; Casey Weaver
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Table of Contents
Chapter 01. Basic Concepts in Immunology 1
Chapter 02. Innate Immunity The First Lines of Defense 21
Chapter 03. The Induced Responses of Innate Immunity 40
Chapter 04. Antigen Recognition by B-cell and T-cell Receptors 62
Chapter 05. The Generation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors 78
Chapter 06. Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes 99
Chapter 07. Lymphocyte Receptor Signaling 121
Chapter 08. The Development of B and T lymphocytes 142
Chapter 09. T-cell-Mediated Immunity 165
Chapter 10. The Humoral Immune Response 188
Chapter 11. Integrated Dynamics of Innate and Adaptive Immunity 207
Chapter 12. The Mucosal Immune System 227
Chapter 13. Failures of Host Defense Mechanisms 244
Chapter 14. Allergy and Allergic Diseases 272
Chapter 15. Autoimmunity and Transplantation 290
Chapter 16. Manipulation of the Immune Response 314Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
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WWW.TBSM.WSJANEWAY 'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY , 9TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: B ASIC CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
The origins of vertebrate immune cells
1.1 Multiple choice: In patients with lymphomas, the cancer cells invade the b one marrow and destroy the environment required for normal hemato poiesis. This leads to bone marrow failure, which disrupts the production of hemato poietic cell lineages. All of the following cell types would be affected by this EXCEPT:
A. Red blood cells
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Endothelial cells
E. Granulocytes
Principles of innate immunity
1-1 Commensal organisms cause little host damage w hile pathogens damage host tissues by a variety of mechanisms
1.2 True/False: Our immune system efficiently kills all categories of mi crobes that attempt to
colonize our bodies.
1.3 Short answer: Pathogenic organisms cause damage to the host by a varie ty of mechanisms, depending on the category of the pathogen an d its mode of replication in the host. Give an example of two different types of p athogens that are unlikely to be dealt with by the same mechanism of immune protection.
1-2 Anatomic and chemical barriers are the first d efense against pathogens
1.4 Multiple choice: The skin and bodily secretions provide the first line o f defense against infection. One response in this category that is common du ring upper respiratory virus infections is:
A. Production of antibodies
B. Infiltration by white blood cells
C. Mucus production
D. Increased saliva production
E. Fever
1-3 The immune system is activated by inflammatory inducers that indicate the presence
of pathogens or tissue damage
1.5 Short answer: A common mechanism by which sensor cells in the host detect micro-
organisms relies on the production of unique microbia l components not found in the host. Propose a strategy by which a clever microbe could eva de this type of response.
1.6 Multiple choice: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking day s to weeks
after exposure to reach their peak. However, these respon ses are more specific than innate responses, and also generate immunological memor y. These latter features, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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WWW.TBSM.WSwhich provide enhanced protection upon re-infection wi th the same pathogen, are the basis of:
A. Vaccines
B. Antibiotics
C. Systemic shock
D. Complement activation
E. Phagocytosis
1-4 The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cell s of the innate immune system
1.7 True/False: In the absence of an infection, most granulocytes (neu trophils, eosinophils, basophils) are found circulating in the blood, whereas other subsets of myeloid cells reside in tissues.
1.8 Short answer: Dendritic cells are phagocytic, but also capable of in gesting large amounts of extracellular fluid and its contents, a proce ss known as macropinocytosis. What specialized function do dendritic cells have in immu nity that might account for their need to perform macropinocytosis?
1-5 Sensor cells express pattern recognition recep tors that provide an initial discrimination between self and nonself
1.9 Multiple choice: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucle ic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on addi tional criteria to discriminate self from nonself. Additional criteria include everythin g EXCEPT:
A. The subcellular location of the RNA
B. The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA
C. The methylation state of the DNA
D. Unique structures found on viral RNA
E. The subcellular location of the DNA
1-6 Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response b y producing mediators such as chemokines and cytokines
1.10 Multiple choice: When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they r elease cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cyt okines act on other immune cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition, these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blo od vessel wall to:
A. Increase their permeability, allowing fluid and pro teins to leak into the tissue
B. Solidify the tight junctions to prevent the bacteria from entering the blood
C. Proliferate, allowing the blood vessel to enlarge
D. Up-regulate microbicidal mechanisms, so they can kill bact eria
E. Secrete anti-microbial peptides
1.11 Short answer: A common characteristic of a site of infection, such as a pimple on the skin, is pus. What is responsible for the white color of pu s?
1-7 Innate lymphocytes and natural killer cells ar e effector cells that share similarities with lymphoid lineages of the adaptive immune syste m______________________________________________________________________________________________
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WWW.TBSM.WS1.12 True/False: Innate lymphoid cells and NK cells are effector cells that respond rapidly after encountering a pathogen. Several different subset s of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathog en (e.g., viruses, extracellular bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites represent the major routes of entry of pathogens int o the body.
Principles of adaptive immunity
1-8 The interaction of antigens with antigen recep tors induces lymphocytes to acquire effector and memory activity
1.13 Short answer: Most B and T lymphocytes in the circulation appear as small, inactive cells, with little cytoplasm, few cytoplasmic organelles, and nuclei containing condensed inactive chromatin. Yet these cells comprise the adaptive i mmune response, without which individuals die in infancy. What is the explanat ion for this apparent dichotomy?
1.14 Multiple choice: Given the enormous heterogeneity of antigen receptors e xpressed on the populations of naive B and T lymphocytes, the adap tive immune response relies on a
process whereby the rare lymphocyte that binds to the antigen is first induced to proliferate, before it can perform its effector functio n. For B cells, there is a clever mechanism that ensures that the specificity of the antibo dy secreted by the plasma cell will recognize the same pathogen that initially stimula ted the B cell antigen receptor and induced B cell proliferation. This mechanism is:
A. The naive B cell expresses an array of different B cell antigen receptors, and randomly chooses which specificity of antibody to secrete as a plasma cell. B. The naive B cell expresses a single specificity of B cell antigen receptor, and then up-regulates the expression of this receptor so it can bind tightly to the pathogen.
C. The plasma cell proliferates after it has finished secr eting antibody to generate more plasma cells with specificity for the pathogen.
D. The plasma cell traps secreted antibody molecules in it s extracellular matrix and uses these antibodies to bind to the pathogen.
E. The naive B cell expresses a membrane-bound form of t he antibody as a receptor, and secretes that same antibody when it differ entiates into a plasma cell.
1.15 Multiple choice: Unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not generate a secreted form of their antigen receptor after they are activated an d proliferate. This is because the effector functions of T cells are restricted to:
A. Responses important in protozoan infections, but not o ther types of infections
B. Interactions with large helminthic parasites, which ca nnot be phagocytosed
C. Interactions with other cells, such as virus-infected cells or other immune cells
D. Responses important in mucosal surfaces (e.g., the lung) , where antibodies cannot go
E. Stimulating B cells and not any other types of cell s
1-9 Antibodies and T-cell receptors are composed o f constant and variable regions that provide distinct functions______________________________________________________________________________________________
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WWW.TBSM.WS1.16 Short answer: The antibody protein is often depicted as an uppercase letter Y , with the two variable regions (antigen-binding domains) pointi ng up, and the stem consisting of the Fc region (constant domain). An analogy has been made between an antibody protein and a guided missile, with one type of antibo dy domain functioning as the guidance system, and the other type of domain as the ‘ payload.’ Which antibody domain serves as the guidance system, and which as the payload? Ex plain your answer.
1-10 Antibodies and T-cell receptors recognize anti gens by fundamentally different mechanisms
1.17 Multiple choice: The antigen receptor on a T cell recognizes a degraded fragment of a protein (i.e., a peptide) bound to a specialized cell surface peptide-binding receptor called an MHC molecule. One key aspect of this system is tha t the peptides displayed on MHC molecules can be derived from intracellular prot eins. This mode of antigen recognition is particularly important in allowing the adaptive immune response to detect infections by:
A. Large helminthic parasites in the gastrointestinal t ract
B. Intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some protozoa
C. Extracellular bacteria that colonize the lungs
D. Fungi that form hyphae in the bronchial airways
E. Fungal infections in the skin epithelium
1-11 Antigen-receptor genes are assembled by somat ic gene rearrangements of incomplete receptor gene segments
1.18 Short answer: In the 1970s, immunologists discovered the genetic mechan ism allowing a population of B cells to produce an enormous diversit y of different antibodies. At the time, this discovery shocked the field of biology, as it call ed into question the ‘immutable’ nature of DNA, which was known to be the genetic mater ial transmitted from generation to generation during the propagation of the species. B riefly describe this startling mechanism.
1-12 Lymphocytes activated by antigen give rise to clones of antigen-specific effector cells that mediate adaptive immunity
1.19 True/False: For cells of the innate immune system, each individual cell has multiple pattern recognition receptors, and can recognize many di fferent pathogens. In contrast, cells of the adaptive immune system each express only a si ngle antigen receptor, and have a single specificity for pathogen recognition.
1.20 Multiple choice: The clonal selection theory was first proposed in the 19 50s, decades before the molecular details of B and T lymphocyte d evelopment and lymphocyte antigen recognition responses were elucidated. Nonethel ess, Burnet, who proposed this theory, correctly inferred several key aspects of adaptive i mmune responses. One key postulate that Burnet proposed was that:
A. Cells of the innate immune system are distinct from those of the adaptive immune system.
B. Cells of the adaptive immune system are generated f rom a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell that resides in the bone marr ow.
C. B and T lymphocytes are closely related cells that h ave distinct properties from myeloid cells.______________________________________________________________________________________________
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WWW.TBSM.WSD. Circulating antibodies are generated by many differ ent antibody-secreting cells, each of which expresses a single type of antibody on its surface as a receptor.
E. Antibodies binding to pathogens lead to efficient pathogen clearance by phagocytic cells.
1-13 Lymphocytes with self-reactive receptors are normally eliminated during development or are functionally inactivated
1.21 Multiple choice: The pattern recognition receptors on cells of the inna te immune system are genetically encoded, meaning that their sequ ences and specificities are determined prior to the development of the individual . In contrast, the antigen receptors of B and T lymphocytes arise from a random rearrange ment process that occurs differently in each lymphocyte as it develops. One poten tial problem entailed by the random process that generates lymphocyte antigen receptor s is the possibility that:
A. Some antigen receptors might recognize the individuals on cells or antigens
B. Many lymphocytes might generate antigen receptors tha t don’t recognize anything
C. Many lymphocytes might generate antigen receptors tha t recognize multiple different pathogens
D. Some antigen receptors might recognize foreign tissues a nd lead to graft rejection during organ transplantation
E. Some lymphocytes might not generate functional ant igen receptor proteins 1-14 Lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow or the thymus and then congregate in lymphoid tissues throughout the body
1.22 Multiple choice: Secondary (or peripheral) lymphoid organs are sites for initiation of adaptive immune responses. Given the rarity of lymphocyt es specific for any given antigen and the vast amount of body tissue that must be p rotected, the system of secondary lymphoid tissues is efficient because:
A. It concentrates antigens in centralized locations for r are lymphocytes to encounter B. It provides the optimal environment for the rapid p roliferation of lymphocytes
C. It traps the pathogens and antigens in a contained environment so they cannot spread to other tissues in the body
D. It helps the innate immune cells eliminate the inf ection by using lymphatic fluid to drain pathogens from the infected tissue
E. It filters the lymph fluid and removes pathogenic or ganisms before they can enter
the bloodstream
1-15 Adaptive immune responses are initiated by an tigen and antigen-presenting cells in
secondary lymphoid tissues
1.23 Short answer: Dendritic cells, also called ‘antigen-presenting-cells’ a re considered the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune re sponses. Describe two key features of dendritic cells that are essential for them to provide this bridging function.
1-16 Lymphocytes encounter and respond to antigen in the peripheral lymphoid organs
1.24 Multiple choice: Lymph nodes function as meeting points between antige n-bearing dendritic cells arriving from the tissue and recirculatin g B and T lymphocytes. Whereas ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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WWW.TBSM.WSthe dendritic cells coming from the tissue enter the ly mph node via the afferent lymphatic
vessels, the recirculating lymphocytes enter the lymph no de:
A. Also from the lymph fluid draining the tissue
B. Directly from their primary lymphoid organ where the y develop
C. From the blood by crossing the high endothelial venule s
D. By being trapped in the lymphoid follicle by residen t macrophages
E. By being carried there by dendritic cells
1.25 True/False: The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that performs se veral functions. In addition to its role as a site for initiating adap tive immune responses, the spleen is important in removing dead or damaged red blood cells from the circulation. Its immune function is important because blood-borne pathogens wi ll not be transported to draining lymph nodes via the lymph fluid.
1.26 Multiple choice: An infant with recurrent bacterial and fungal infecti ons is suspected to have an immunodeficiency disease. Within two days after exposure to a pathogen, the organisms have proliferated to dangerous levels requiri ng immediate systemic antibiotic treatment. It is unlikely that this infant has a defect in B or T lymphocyte responses to the
infection because:
A. Bacteria and fungi do not require B cell or T cell r esponses for their clearance.
B. Bacteria and fungi are not efficiently transported t o draining lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immune responses.
C. Systemic infections of bacteria and fungi are usually cleared by the spleen.
D. The defective immune response occurs too rapidly followin g infection to be due to a defect in B or T lymphocytes responses.
E. Adaptive immune responses require dendritic cells to t ake up and degrade pathogens.
1-17 Mucosal surfaces have specialized immune struc tures that orchestrate responses to environmental microbial encounters
1.27 Multiple choice: The mucosal tissues of the body have their own unique set of immune structures that function as sites for initiating adaptive immune responses. The necessity for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues to have unique cell t ypes (M cells) and structures is because:
A. The mucous layer lining mucosal surfaces makes it difficul t for normal antigen-
presenting cells to function.
B. The epithelial surfaces that line the gut, lungs, an d nasal passages prevent antigen-presenting cells from accessing microbes and microbi al products. C. The epithelial cells found in mucosal tissues are distin ct from those that provide barrier functions to the skin.
D. Mucosal sites, where most pathogens access the body, are exposed to vast numbers of diverse microbes. E. Mucosal tissues lack innate sensor cells that can respond t o PAMPs and provide short-term innate immune protection.
1-18 Lymphocytes activated by antigen proliferate in the peripheral lymphoid organs, generating effector cells and immunological memory
1.28 Multiple choice: The best evidence supporting the concept of immunological memory is:______________________________________________________________________________________________
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WWW.TBSM.WSA. The increased numbers of antigen receptors expressed by l ymphocytes after primary exposure to an antigen B. The increased levels of cytokines made by lymphocytes a fter primary exposure to an antigen
C. The increased rapidity and magnitude of the secondary r esponse to the same antigen
D. The increased swelling of lymph nodes during the secon dary response to the same antigen E. The long lifespan of vertebrates, which would be impo ssible without immunological memory
1.29 True/False: One factor that contributes to the enhanced secondary resp onse to an antigen is the increased number of antigen-specific lymp hocytes present after the primary response; these are known as memory cells.
1.30 Multiple choice: Naive B and T lymphocytes are small, quiescent cells wit h little cytoplasm and low metabolic activity. Yet within hours after being activated following encounter with their antigen, these cells enlarge and up-regulate many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Approximately one day later, the ce lls begin dividing, and for several days they are the most rapidly dividing cells i n the body, undergoing 2–4 rounds of cell division every day. In order to maintain this phe nomenal rate of cell division, lymphoblasts must:
A. Use the large energy stores accumulated by them when t hey were naive quiescent cells prior to their activation
B. Engulf their neighboring small quiescent lymphocyte s in order to take their lipids and proteins for raw material
C. Up-regulate synthesis of mRNA and proteins, some of which encode for glucose transporters and enzymes used for glycolysis
D. Phagocytose extracellular proteins and lipids and d egrade them for energy production
E. Macropinocytose metabolites and sugars from the blood for use in glycolysis
The effector mechanisms of immunity
1-19 Innate immune responses can select from sever al effector modules to protect against different types of pathogens
1.31 Short answer: The effector activities important in eliminating infe ctious organisms from our bodies can be categorized into four different grou ps: cytotoxicity, intracellular immunity, mucosal and barrier immunity, and extracellu lar immunity. Briefly describe why
the immune system requires four different effector mod ules for maximum protection.
1.32 Multiple choice: Several subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been identified that share their patterns of cytokine production with t he known subsets of T cells. The combined activity of related ILC and T cell subsets is effect ive in eradicating pathogenic infections because:
A. ILCs cannot kill the pathogen, whereas the antigen-sp ecific T cells can kill the pathogen.______________________________________________________________________________________________
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