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Reason and Evidence D265 graded A+ 100% verified
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Reason and Evidence D265 graded A+ 100% verified
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Reason and Evidence D265Propositions
statements that are true or false. ex. 1+1=2
Non-Propositions
statement that cannot be true or false. EX. Lets go fly a kite
Simple propositions
simply true or false on their own.
Complex propositions
Truth depends on the truth of their parts and their internal logic. ex. this soda is coke or pepsi.
Words used to identify Independent Propositions
and
or
either.....or.....
but
if.....then......
Bad inferential structure
argument is bad, because the premises dont support the conclusion.
False Premise
One premise has to be false in argument. ex. All humans are cats (false) All cats are mammals
(True) So, all humans are mammals (True)
Conclusion Indicators
trying to get me to believe something, that is the conclusion
Premise Indicators
indicating that the fact said lead to a conclusion
, Because, for, given that, in fact, as, since, as indicated by
Premises make you ask
"what does that mean?" "why tell me that?"
Conclusions make you ask
"why would i believe that? Give me a reason to believe that claim"
Deduction
arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion
Induction
arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable
Abduction
finding the most likely explanation for what has happened
Truth
a true statement that accurately represents reality. EX. P1) all siamese are cats. P2) Rosie is a
siamese. C) therefore, Rosie is a cat.
validity
If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. EX. P1) Rosie was born in Cali. P2) Everyone
from Cali likes biscuits C) Rosie likes biscuits
Soundness
premises are true and conclusion makes sense EX. P1) Whales dont have fur. P2) Whales are
mammals. C) Therefore, not all mammals have fur
Cogency
cogent if its Strong & Premises are true. EX. most crows seen are black. Therefore, the next
crow seen will be black.
Formal Fallacy
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