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Summary of the lectures & literature for resilience to violence
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Resilience to ViolenceSummary of the lectures and literature
2023-2024
Ilse van Meurs
Lecture & Literature week 1: Introduction
Introduction to resilience
Resilience the adaptation and survival of a system after perturbation (anxiety)
- often referring to the process of restoring functional equilibrium (calm state of
mind)
- sometimes referring to the process of successful transformation to a stable new
functional state
When can someone be described as resilient?
● when an individual is showing a pattern of adaptation or recovery in the context of
potentially destabilizing threats
the meaning of resilience can also be expressed in terms of life-course patterns of
functioning or development
Developmental resilience refers to positive development in a context of high risk for problems or
studies about maladjustment
resilience
Masten (article) resilience = the capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully to disturbances that
about threaten system function, viability or development
resilience
Importance of The pandemic: suffering in terms of mental and physical aspects
resilience ● it has an uneven impact on global mental health: especially vulnerable people
suffered
War & Conflict (Ukraine) > a lot of mental health issues have been reported
History of the 1620: ‘resilience’ as the act of rebounding was first used
word ● it was derived from ‘resiliens’ > comes from latin; ‘resilire’ = ‘to recoil or rebound’
‘resilience’ 1824: the term developed to encompass the meaning of ‘elasticity’
from 1977: research on resilience started by Garmezy, Werner and Rutter
● interested in the effects of growing up in a violent home and how it leads to the
development of mental illnesses
○ Conclusion: not all children that grow up in a violent home end up having a
mental illness
The Children of The Children of Kauai study: Resiliency and recovery in adolescence and adulthood - Werner
Kauai study ● 200 of the the children in the Kauai study were classified as high risk
(Werner) ● Conclusion: although 2/3 of them had significant problems at age 10 or 18,
1/3 of them showed resilience
,The ecological
systems theory
shows the connection between
1. an individual
2. the physical environment
3. the social environment
→ it shows how a disaster impacts all three aspects
Lebanon study
● shows evidence of this theory: 31,7% of those with war related trauma, also reported
childhood adversity such as abuse and neglect in the home environment
Focus of 1. who stays well and recovers well?
research about 2. how do they stay well and recover well?
resilience 3. how can we promote and protect health and positive development?
Childhood adversities
Adverse ● abuse: physical, emotional, sexual and/or verbal
childhood ● neglect: emotional and/or physical
experiences ● growing up in a household where
1. there are adults with alcohol and drug problems
2. there are adults with mental health problems
3. there is domestic violence
4. there are adults who have spent time in prison
5. parents have separated
often these adversities influence each other, resulting in comorbidity (= the simultaneous
presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient)
Study by The study about child adversities
World Health Results:
Organization ● childhood adversities were highly prevalent and interrelated
(WHO) ● childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family functioning were the
strongest predictors of disorders
● co-occurring childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family functioning
had significant sub-additive predictive associations and little specificity across
disorders
● childhood adversities account for 29.8% of all disorders across countries
, Conclusions WHO
● the consequences of failing to address adolescent mental health conditions
extend to adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting
opportunities to lead fulfilling lives as adults → it is important to understand how we can
help these individuals; this is the purpose of resilience
Four waves of
resilience
First wave ● ‘What’ questions
(short
(1970-) ● scientists began systematically to define, measure,
summary)
Descriptive and describe:
○ the phenomenon of good functioning
○ outcomes in the context of risk or adversity
● attempt to identify the predictors of resilience
Questions
- what is resilience?
- how do we measure resilience?
- what makes a difference?
First wave lacked
● understanding of the processes: it focuses on
individual factors; creating a person-centered
approach
Second wave ● ‘how’ questions
(1990-) ● about the process of resilience
Process ● focuses on developmental and ecological system
Questions
- how do protective influences work?
- how is positive development promoted?
Second wave lacked
● unable to inform interventions: no testing
Third wave ● testing theories through interventions
(2007-) Third wave lacked
Interventions ● integration of neurobiological and social systems
Fourth wave ● dynamic interactive systems
(2017-) ● focus on interactions of genes with experience,
Dynamic persons with contexts, connecting levels of analysis
systems and multidisciplinary integration
● uses hybrid models
, First wave ● ‘What’ questions
(1970-) ● scientists began systematically to define, measure, and describe
Descriptive ○ the phenomenon of good functioning
○ outcomes in the context of risk or adversity
● attempt to identify the predictors of resilience
Questions
- what is resilience?
- how do we measure resilience?
- what makes a difference?
First wave lacked
● understanding of the processes: it focuses on individual factors; creating a
person-centered approach
Person-centered approach
● characterized by identification of individuals who have a life history suggesting
resilience; their lives are examined for clues to the resources of protective processes
● captures the configural nature of resilience, in keeping with the common sense
perspective that the whole person must be adaptive in multiple ways to be
considered resilient, though not necessarily successful in equal measure across
domains
● respect the empirical evidence that key features or resilience or protections
associated with resilience often co-occur in ways that do not appear to be random
● they may reflect the operation of complex systems of adaptations were the whole is
greater than the sum of the parts or inseparable from the components or processes
that constitute it
Types of studies in person-focused approaches
1. single case studies (e.g. Harry Potter)
2. aggregate studies (e.g. Kauai study)
3. recently: individual factors
Second wave ● ‘how’ questions
(1990-) ● about the process of resilience
Process ● focuses on developmental and ecological system
Questions
- how do protective influences work?
- how is positive development promoted?
Second wave lacked
● unable to inform interventions: no testing
Types of studies in 2 types of approaches
1. Person-focused approach
● single case studies
● aggregate studies
● individual factors
2. Variable focused approach
characterized by empirical efforts to examine and statistically test patterns among
variables in groups of individuals, linking measured characteristics of people, their
relationships and their environments with their experiences
● goal = identifying what matters for resilience and how it works
- examples of variable focused approach
1. main effects model
2. mediation model
3. moderation model
4. risk activated model
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