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Complete Solution Manual Biology 14th Edition Mader Questions & Answers with rationales (Chapter 1-47)
Complete Solution Manual Biology 14th Edition Mader Questions & Answers with rationales (Chapter 1-47)
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Solutions Manual for Biology 14th Edition Mader Mader: Biology , 14/e Laboratory Resource Guide Unit I The Cell Page 1 Scientific Method 1 2 Metric Measurement and Microscopy 7 3 Chemical Composition of Cells 16 4 Cell Structure and Function 23 5 How Enzymes Function 33 6 Photosynthesis 40 7 Cellular Respiration 47 Unit II The Genetic Basis of Life 8 Mitosis 51 9 Meiosis 55 10 Mendelian Genetics 59 11 Human Genetics 69 12 DNA Biology and Technology 75 13 Evidence of Evolution 82 14 Natural Selection 89 Unit III Microbiology and Evolution 15 Bacteria and Protists 93 16 Fungi 99 Unit IV Plant Evolution and Biology 17 Nonvascular Plants and Seedless Vascular Plants 105 18 Seed Plants 110 19 Organization of Flowering Plants 117 20 Water Absorption and Transport in Plants 124 21 Control of Plant Growth and Responses 131 22 Reproduction in Flowering Plants 138 Unit V Animal Evolution and Diversity 23 Introduction to Invertebrates 143 24 Invertebrate Coelomates 149 25 The Vertebrates 156 Unit VI Comparative Animal Biology 26 Animal Organization 162 27 Basic Mammalian Anatomy I 166 28 Chemical Aspects of Digestion 170 29 Basic Mammalian Anatomy II 177 30 Homeostasis 181 31 Nervous System and Senses 189 32 Musculoskeletal System 194 33 Animal Development 199 Unit VII Ecology 34 Sampling Ecosystems 203 35 Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems 206 Laboratory 1 Scientific Method (LM pages 1–8) MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS Instructions are grouped by procedure. Some materials may be used in more than one procedure. Special Requirements Living material. Live pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, for all sections of the lab. Earthworm alternative. Refer to the section titled “Earthworm Alternative” at the end of this laboratory if you wish to use earthworms instead of pillbugs. Fresh material. Substances for instructor to feed pillbugs and substances for students to test pillbug behavior are listed in Section 1.4. 1.2 Observing a Pillbug pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082) pen, white (or correction fluid, white) or taped tags magnifying lenses or stereomicroscopes small glass or plastic dishes, such as disposable Petri dishes graduated cylinders or small beakers for observing pillbug movement rulers, metric, 30 cm plastic stopwatch Live pillbugs. Obtain 50 pillbugs for a class of 20 to 35 or more students. Order pillbugs so that they arrive as close as possible to the date they will be needed. Use one container of fresh pillbugs for each lab. Care and feeding of pillbugs: Follow care and feeding instructions provided with the pillbug order. Withdraw food 1–2 days prior to the experiment. Use white correction fluid, different colors of nail polish, or tape tabs to number the pillbugs for identification. Collecting pillbugs. Pillbugs like moisture, and avoid sunlight. They can be found next to brick buildings along the grass line or next to sidewalks, or under logs and planks of wood. They are attracted to wet grass covered with a cardboard box or plastic tarp. Encourage students to collect their own pillbugs and give them lab participation points. Collect pillbugs in the spring, summer, and fall as they are hard to find in the winter. Maintaining pillbugs in the lab. After collecting, pillbugs can be easily maintained in a terrarium to keep a fresh supply all year long. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter; they like moisture and avoid sunlight. They like carrots and cucumbers. Change the food daily to prevent mold growth. 1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082) small beakers, 35 -mm film cans, watch glasses, or small Petri dishes for distributing test substances Petri dishes, preferably 150 mm (or else 100 mm) for testing the pillbugs small plastic bottle for spritzing distilled water cotton balls Suggested test substances: flour cornstarch or brand flakes coffee creamer baking soda fine sand (control) milk orange juice or apple juice ketchup applesauce carbonated beverage water (control) Do not use salt, vinegar, or honey, as these substances are harmful to pillbugs. Plain water is used as a control for liquids. Fine sand is used as a control for powders. Experimental design. These methods are recommended: For a dry substance, make a circle of the test substance in a Petri dish and put the pillbug in the center of the circle. For a liquid, put a cotton ball soaked with the test substance in the pillbug's path. Rinse pillbugs between testing procedures by spritzing with distilled water and then placing them on a paper towel to dry. Cleanup. Cleanup is easier and the experiment goes well if there is a limited number of test substances and each student chooses only two dry and two liquid test substances. Substances can be distributed to several stations in small beakers, 35 -mm film cans, watch glasses, or small Petri dishes. Testing pillbugs in 150 mm Petri dishes works well. EXERCISE QUESTIONS 1.1 Using the Scientific Method Why does the scientific method begin with observations? To study the natural world, scientists have to observe natural phenomena. What is the benefit of formulating a hypothesis? The hypothesis tells what is to be tested by experiment or further observations. Why must a scientist keep a complete record of an experiment? They keep a complete record so that others can repeat the experiment and check that the data are valid. What is the purpose of the conclusion? The conclusion tells whether the hypothesis was supported or not. How is a scientific theory different from a conclusion? Each experiment has a conclusion. A scientific theory is based on many conclusions from various experiments in related fields. 1.2 Observing a Pillbug Observation: Pillbug’s External Anatomy 1. • How can you recognize the head end of a pillbug? The head bears antennae and eyes. • How many segments and pair of walking legs are in the thorax? There are 7 segments and 7 pairs of legs. Observation: Pillbug’s Motion 1. a. Describe the action of the feet and any other motion you see. The seven pairs of legs move with the front pair leading, and each pair moves in succession thereafter. b. Allow a pillbug to crawl on your hand. Describe how it feels. It tickles the skin as it moves. c. Does a pillbug have the ability to move directly forward? Yes d. Do you see evidence of mouthparts on the underside of the pillbug? A pillbug has four pairs of mouthparts. 2. As you watch the pillbug, identify: a. the anatomical parts that allow a pillbug to identify and take in food. Antennae, eyes, and mouthparts b. behaviors that will allow a pillbug to acquire food. For example, is the ability of a pillbug to move directly forward a help in acquiring food? Explain. Yes, because it is the most efficient way to reach food . What other behaviors allow a pillbug to acquire food? A pillbug has appropriate mouth parts for taking in and eating food. c. a behavior that helps a pillbug avoid dangerous situations. The pillbug rolls into a ball when it is threatened. Table 1.1 Pillbug Speed* Pillbug Millimeters (mm) Traveled Time (sec) Speed (mm/sec) 1 71 30 2.36 2 122 60 2.20 3 64 30 2.12 Average speed: 2.23 mm/sec *Answers will vary. The answers provided here are examples. 1.3 Formulating Hypotheses 1-3. See Table 1.2 showing three possible student hypotheses regarding flour. Students use "0" for no response, " —" for moves away from the substance, and "+" for moves toward the substance and eats it. Table 1.2 Hypotheses about Pillbug’s Response to Potential Foods Substance Hypothesis About Pillbug’s Response to Potential Foods Reason for Hypothesis Flour 0 Flour is a bland substance. Flour — Flour is a dry substance. Flour + Flour is a food substance.The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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