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Summary Yr 12 Biology Notes Modules 5-7
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Comprehensive notes on HSC biology modules 5 to 7. Covers all concepts of the syllabus with key points.
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Module 5: Heredity 3Sexual and Asexual Basics 3
Number of parents 4
Asexual Reproduction- Bacteria, Protists and Fungi 4
Asexual Reproduction in Plants 7
Sexual reproduction in Animals- Internal and external fertilisation 9
Sexual Reproduction in Mammals- Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle 11
Sexual Reproduction in Mammals: Fertilisation and Implantation 15
Sexual Reproduction in Mammals: Pregnancy and Birth 17
Sexual reproduction in different types of mammals 20
Cell division: Mitosis 21
Modelling Mitosis 23
DNA Structure: Watson and Crick Model 24
DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 25
DNA Replication: during interphase 27
Modelling DNA replication 28
Polypeptide Synthesis 28
Assess the importance of mRNA and tRNA 32
Analysing the function and importance of polypeptide synthesis 32
Investigate the Structure and Function of Proteins in Living Things 33
Assess how Genes and Environment affect Phenotype 35
Meiosis 36
Modelling Meiosis 41
Assess the effect of the cell replication processes on the continuity of species 41
Mitosis vs. Meiosis 42
Codominance, Incomplete dominance and Multiple Alleles 43
Sex-Linkage 43
Pedigrees 45
Genotypes and Inheritance Patterns 46
Population Genetics 48
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP’s) 48
Investigating Sickle Cell Anaemia 49
Investigate the use of technologies to determine inheritance patterns in a population 51
DNA Sequencing vs. DNA Profiling 57
Population genetics studies used to determine the inheritance of a disease or disorder 58
Module 6: Genetic Change 61
Mutagens 61
Types of Mutations 64
Mutations and how they affect organisms 66
Investigate the causes of genetic variation relating to the processes of fertilisation,
meiosis and mutation 69
Evaluate the effect of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift on the gene pool of
populations 70
Biotechnology: Past, present and future 71
, Social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology 72
Evaluate the effect of biotechnology on biodiversity (in agriculture and in general due to
genetic techniques) 74
Reproductive Technologies 75
Cloning 77
Recombinant DNA technology 80
Investigate the uses and advantages of current genetic technologies that induce genetic
change 84
Evaluate the benefits of using genetic technologies in agricultural, medical and industrial
applications 85
Module 7: Infectious diseases 87
Classification of pathogens 87
Transmission 92
Transmission of a disease during an epidemic 93
Case study - Ebola 94
Transmission 94
Host response 95
Other information 95
Water sample experiment 95
Koch and Pasteur 96
Pre-germ theory - Miasma theory 96
Louis Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment 96
Contributions of Louis Pasteur 96
Contributions of Koch 97
Pathogen adaptations 98
Malaria: Infectious disease example 99
HIV: Infectious disease example 100
Innate Immunity: Physical and Chemical barriers 100
Barriers to entry: 101
Innate Immunity: Second Line 104
Inflammation 108
Introduction to Adaptive Immunity 110
Types of white blood cells, cytokines, and the complement system 110
Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells 111
Neutrophils 111
Eosinophils 111
Basophils 111
Natural killer cells 111
Cytokines 111
Complement system 111
Clonal selection theory 112
Adaptive Immunity : Humoral (Antibody Mediated) Response (B Cells) 112
Antibodies 112
Humoral response (Antibody mediated) 113
Adaptive Immunity: Cell Mediated Response (T Cells) 113
, Primary vs. secondary exposure graph 114
Adaptive immunity: Interaction of B and T cells 115
Animal responses to pathogens 115
Preventing the Spread of disease 115
Hygiene 115
Quarantine 115
Vaccination 116
Public Health campaigns 118
Pesticides 119
Genetic Engineering 119
Antivirals and Antibiotics 120
Understanding Viruses 122
Limiting the Spread of Infectious disease 123
Incidence and Prevalence of a disease 124
Investigating Plant Defences 127
Plant responses to Pathogen 127
Plant Pathogens 127
Defences against Pathogens 127
Passive 127
Active/Induced 129
Eucalyptus 130
Infection and life cycle of P. cinnamomi 130
Response of Eucalyptus marginata 130
Response of Eucalyptus calophylla 131
Environmental management and quarantine methods used to control an epidemic or
pandemic 131
Historical, cultural and current strategies to predict and control spread of disease 133
Aboriginal protocols in the development of medicines 133
Causes and effects of diseases on agricultural production 137
Module 8: Non-infectious Disease 141
Module 5: Heredity
Sexual and Asexual Basics
Sexual reproduction: the process in which two new organisms are created by combining genetic
material/information from two individuals of different sexes
Asexual reproduction: occurs when an organism makes more of itself without exchanging genetic
information with another organism.
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
, ● Binary fission
● Budding
● Vegetative
● Parthenogenesis
● Fragmentation
Feature Sexual Asexual
Number of parents 2 1
Genetics of Offspring Combination of that of its parents Identical clone to parent, as daughter cells
Type of Cell Division Meiosis (gamete production) Binary fission (prokaryotes), mitosis
(eukaryotes)
Fertilisation Fusion of gametes required Absent
(internal/external)
Rate of offspring production Slow Very fast
Advantages - Genetic variation in a species - Fast
- Less susceptible to disease - Populates quickly
- Able to adapt to changing - Only requires one parent
conditions - No need to look for a mate
- Successful in unstable - For plants: no need for pollinators
circumstances - Every member of population can
reproduce
- Very successful in stable conditions
Disadvantages - Long reproduction cycle (takes - No genetic variation
long time to populate/repopulate) - Difficult in unfavourable conditions
- Have to find a mate, takes a long - Unable to adapt to changing
time conditions
- Requires two partners - Susceptible to disease
- Not every member can reproduce
Example of Organisms Mammals Bacteria, fungi, bananas, starfish
Asexual Reproduction- Bacteria, Protists and Fungi
Binary fission: an equal division of a parent cell into two new cells, E.g. bacteria and protists
Budding: uneven cell division (in unicellular organisms) or outgrowth in which a new organism grows
on a parent before breaking away. E.g. yeast, hydra and protists
Fragmentation: part of the organism breaks off and regenerates into a new individual, E.g. starfish
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