Summary
Summary Year 11 Preliminary HSC Biology notes
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Comprehensive notes on preliminary biology modules 1 to 4. Covers all concepts of the syllabus with key points.
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Table of ContentsModule 1: Cells as the basis of life 2
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 2
Microbial Technologies 3
Biological drawings 4
Organelle structure and function 5
Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane 5
Passive transport 6
Active Transport 7
Factors affecting diffusion 8
Enzymes 8
Cell Requirements 9
Waste Removal 10
Photosynthesis and respiration 11
Module 2: Organisation of Living things 12
Unicellular, colonial and multicellular organisms 12
Cell specialisation and differentiation 13
Structural organisation of multicellular organisms 13
Tissue Types 13
Autotroph structure and function 14
Gas exchange in plants 15
Gas exchange in animals 16
The Digestive System 17
Blood and blood vessels 18
The Heart 20
Open and closed circulatory systems 20
Changes in Composition of Transport Medium 21
The Vascular System 21
Module 3: Biological Diversity 22
Changes in Population due to Selection Pressures 23
Types of adaptations 23
Charles Darwin and Natural selection 24
Biological Diversity and Evolution by Natural Selection 25
Gradualism and Punctuated equilibrium 26
Convergent and Divergent Evolution 27
Evidence for Evolution 28
Biochemical Evidence 28
Amino acid sequencing 28
DNA Hybridisation 29
DNA sequencing 29
Comparative Anatomy 29
Homologous structures 29
Analogous structures 30
Vestigial Structures 30
Biogeography 31
, Comparative Embryology 31
Fossil Evidence 31
Relative dating 31
Absolute Dating 32
Transitional Fossils 32
Module 4: Ecosystem Dynamics 33
The impact of abiotic factors in an ecosystem 33
The impact of biotic factors on an ecosystem 35
Predicting consequences for Population Size 36
Competition 37
Symbiotic Relationship 38
Ice-core drilling 39
Technologies: Evidence for past changes 40
Radiometric Dating 40
Gas Analysis 40
Module 1: Cells as the basis of life
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cell structure:
, Eukaryotic cell structure:
Eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
Eukaryote Similarities Prokaryote
- Has nucleus - Cytoplasm - No nucleus
- Membrane-bound organelles - Ribosomes - No membrane-bound organelles
- DNA in nucleus - Cell wall - Some have flagellum
- Evolved from prokaryotes - Membrane - DNA is in cytoplasm
- Larger, more complex - DNA - Oldest cell type
- Single or multi-celled - Small and simple
- Multiple linear chromosomes - Single celled
- Singular, circular chromosome
Plant cell vs. fungal cell vs. animal cell:
- Plant has mitochondria, plasmodesma, large central vacuole, chloroplasts and cellulose cell
wall
- Fungal cells have chitin cell walls instead, but are similar to animal cells in that they have
centrioles
Microbial Technologies
Other technologies:
- Staining specific organelles to stand out
- Cell fractionation
- Centrifuge
- Ultrasound waves used to penetrate cell membrane
- Radioactive tracers used to trace cells’ metabolic pathways
Important calculations:
, - Magnification = eyepiece * objective lens
- FOV= (low objective magnification/ high objective magnification) * low power FOV
- mm*100 = um
Dissecting microscopes:
- Uses light
- Up to 40x
- Used on living and non-living cells
- Low magnification and limited detail
- Non-invasive, colour, 3D image, affordable,
quick samples
Compound microscopes:
- Uses light
- Up to 1000x
- Used on living and non-living cells
- Look at cellular level
- 2D, only cell membrane, nucleus and chloroplasts visible
- Colour, staining possible, cheap
Scanning electron microscope (SEM):
- Beam of electrons bounce of surface
- Up to 500 000x
- Only non-living cells
- High detail, 3D image, objects as small as molecules observable
- No colour, most expensive, large, difficult to use
Transmission electron microscope (TEM):
- Beam of electrons through middle, passing through specimen
- Up to 10Mx
- Non-living cells only
- Down to atomic level, high magnification
- No colour, expensive, difficult to prepare specimen
Biological drawings
- Use plain white paper
- Should take up most of the page
- Use pencil
- Title and labels
- Labels can be plural
- Labels can be angled but must never cross
- Do not use arrow heads
- Don’t shade
- Draw, don’t sketch
- Include a scale
- Note the magnification
- Draw only what you see, not what you think you should see
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