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Summary Depression AQA A Level Psychology
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Cornell notes with a full summary and cues on depression as part of the AQA A Level Psychology Course, in the Psychopathology Unit.
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course notesclass: Psychology module: Psychopathology
topic: Behavioural characteristics of depression
notes
What is the first behavioural Activity levels:
characteristic of depression? Typically people with depression experience reduced levels of
energy, making them lethargic. This has a knock-on effect,
with people tending to withdraw from work, education and
How do reduced activity levels effect social life. In extreme cases, this can be so severe that the person
the life of a person with depression? cannot get out of bed.
In some cases, depression can lead to the opposite effects, known
What is it referred to as when as psychomotor agitation. Agitated individuals struggle to
someone with depression experiences relax and may end up pacing up and down a room.
increased activity levels?
Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour:
What is the second behavioural Depression is associated with changes to sleeping behaviour. A
characteristic of depression? person may experience reduced sleep (insomnia), particularly
premature waking, or an increased need for sleep
What is reduced sleep referred to as? (hypersomnia). Similarly, appetite and eating may increase o
decrease, leading to weight gain or loss. The key point is that
What is increased sleep called? such behaviours are disrupted by depression.
Aggression and self-harm:
What is the third behavioural People with depression are often irritable, and in some cases they
characteristic of depression? can become verbally or physically aggressive. This can have a
serious knock-on effect a number of aspects of their life. For
How might verbal aggression be example, someone experiencing depression might display verbal
evident in the life of a person with aggression by ending a relationship or quitting a job.
depression? Depression can also lead to physical aggression directed agains
the self. This includes self-harm, often in the form of cutting o
How could physical aggression suicide attempts.
directed against the self be evident
in someone with depression?
Activity levels Sleeping/eating Aggression/self-harm
Lethargic = withdraw from Sleep=hypersomnia
Verbal/physical aggression
work, education and social
Sleep=insomnia Cutting/suicide attempts
Psychomotor agitation
Changes in eating habits.
, course notes
class: Psychology module: Psychopathology
topic: Emotional characteristics of depression
notes
What is the first emotional Lowered mood:
characteristic of depression? Lowered mood is still an emotional element of depression, but
it is more pronounced than in the dally kind os experience Of
What do people with depression often feeling lethargic and sad. People with depression often describe
describe feeling? feeling worthless and empty.
What is the second emotional Anger:
characteristic of depression? Although people with depression tend to experience more
negative emotions and few positive ones during episodes of
What is self-esteem? depression, this experience of negative emotion is not limited to
sadness. People with depression also frequently experience
What can extreme lowered self-esteem anger, some extreme anger. This can be directed at the self or
look like? others. On occasion, such emotions lead to aggressive or self-
harming behaviour -which is why this characteristic appears
under behavioural characteristics as well.
Lowered self-esteem:
Self-esteem is the emotional experience of how much we like
ourselves. People with depression tend to report reduced self-
esteem, in other words they like themselves less than usual.
This can be quite extreme, with some people with depression
describing a sense ' of self-loathing.
Lowered mood Anger Lowered self-esteem
• Lethargic Like themselves less.
• Sad Can be directed at the self
or others Extreme = self loathing
• Worthless
• Empty
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