Advanced Cognitive and Social Psychology for HCI (INFCOMCSP)
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Summary- Advanced Cognitive and Social Psychology for HCI (INFCOMCSP)
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Advanced Cognitive and Social Psychology for HCI (INFCOMCSP)
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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
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Advanced Cognitive and Social Psychology for HCI (INFCOMCSP)
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SV Advanced Cognitive and Social Psychology
Lecture 1 – Introduction
Social psychology
➢ Social psychology is the systematic study of the nature and causes of human social
behavior.
➢ Sociological approach:
o Focus on relation between individuals and groups.
o Rely on surveys, experiments, and observations.
o Includes topics such as conformity, self-presentation, social interaction, group
processes, cooperation.
➢ Psychological approach:
o Focus on effect of social stimuli on individual behavior and internal states.
o Rely on laboratory experimental methodology.
o Includes topics such as self, perception, attribution, personality, social learning,
altruism, interpersonal attraction.
➢ Social psychology provides a frame of reference for interpreting and comparing a
wide range of social situations and behaviors.
Cognitive psychology
➢ Cognitive psychology examines basic psychological abilities that are essential in our
functioning, such as perception, memory, judging and decision making.
➢ For example through:
o experimental studies
o neuroimaging studies that reveal the location and/or the time course of brain
activity
➢ While social psychology is a more applied field, cognitive psychology is a basic field of
psychology and therefore a fundamental aspect of several psychological disciplines.
➢ To understand cognition, we need to understand the basics of:
o Latent constructs, experimental design, and the limitations of statistics
o The problem with social desirability and the limitations of self-reflection
o Historical aspects: from the unconscious to behaviourism to the cognitive
revolution
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,Lecture 2 – The Self
Identity
➢ Identity: “Development of one’s self-concept, including one’s thoughts and feelings
about oneself.
➢ Identity: “An individual’s sense of self defined by:
o a set of […] characteristics that is not wholly shared with any other person
o a range of affiliations and social roles […] involves a sense of continuity.
➢ Linked to multiple roles we hold in our lives. (mother, gamer, student)
➢ Influences how we think and behave.
➢ Operates on conscious and subconscious levels.
➢ How much we identify with certain roles defines how much effort we put into “correct”
performance in that role.
Self – 3 domains (Higgins)
➢ Actual – Characteristics a person genuinely possesses.
➢ Ideal – Characteristics a person would like to possess.
➢ Ought – Characteristics a person feel that they should possess. (influenced by society)
➢ People strive to align those three domains of self (in extreme cases when there is no
alignment: personality disorder)
Symbolic interactionism
➢ Symbolic interactionism: viewing society as composed of
symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop views
about the world, and communicate with one another. We are
thinking beings who act according to how we interpret
situations.
➢ Symbolic interactionism: “The other serves as a looking
glass in which we see ourselves.”
2
, ➢ People in society understand their social worlds
through communication — the exchange of meaning
through language and symbols.
Identity development
➢ Stage 1 – Particular social context
➢ Stage 2 – Larger society
1. Family
2. School
3. Neighborhood
4. Online world (new)
▪ Anonymous and disembodied strangers also affect the formation of self.
Self-development in cyberspace
➢ Others convey their appraisals of our self-presentations through both verbal and
nonverbal behaviors, either purposefully or unwittingly, which in turn shape how we
view ourselves.
➢ A lack of (mainly non-verbal) cues in cyberspace limits us to validate our self-claims
since we don’t know others’ real appraisals
Symbolic interactionism in a digital world
The self in computer-mediated communication (CMC)
➢ Online self: Complex since one has the possibility to express multiple versions of the
self.
➢ Digital self: The self-conceived online under the influence of the E-audience.
➢ Online world offers opportunities to explore the self:
o No stigma on appearance, shyness, and other disadvantages that prevent people
from constructing desired identities.
o Outlet for “hidden selves”.
o Exploration of non-conventional identities.
➢ Show my true self?
o 3 domains of the self (actual, ideal, ought)
o Online anonymity…
▪ …allows people to present any of these three selves,
▪ …permits to better present aspects of their true selves (compared to face
to-face interaction)
o True Self – Hidden aspects of the actual self.
3
, Multiplicity of online self
➢ The multiple aspects of one's identity may be dissociated, enhanced, or integrated
online.
➢ As others cannot see who we are, we are free to claim to be whomever we want to be.
Digital self – Multiplied
➢ Multiplied: The internet removes physical barriers of time and place, creating a type of
self-described as “decentred, dispersed, and multiplied”.
o Partially true: people create self-selected online environment with like-minded
people.
o The online world may be more homogeneous in terms of interest and outlook,
thus less decentered.
o Digital selves formed online may thus be more insulated / constrained than
selves formed offline.
o Yet, others interact with us in different domains of the online world.
Digital self – inward oriented
➢ Inward oriented towards one’s inner world, focusing on thoughts, desires, emotions,
and attitudes.
o People are more willing to self-disclose personal information due to feelings of
anonymity and privacy.
o Others cannot see our external attributes.
Digital self – narrative in nature
➢ Narrative in nature: People need to describe self-descriptions when interacting online.
o Others come to know us primarily based on what we tell them.
o These narratives shape our digital selves.
o Requires a level of introspection and reflectivity normally not exercised in F2F
interaction.
Digital self – retractable
➢ Versions of the self can relatively easy be erased.
o Others are unable to link our online self-claims to our offline identities.
o Disembodiment allows people to retract undesirable self and build new one
without having to physically relocate.
o Comes with a price: abandonment from all associated resources (lose followers)
Conception of self
➢ How we present ourselves is affected by our believe others can directly see us.
➢ How we perceive ourselves is affected by our believed ability to directly see how others
respond to us
Self-presentation
➢ Shape, enhance, change our self-image in front of others.
➢ Sometimes accurate, but sometimes misleading.
➢ 2 strategies:
o Strategic self-presentation = Manipulating self-image to gain sympathy or
approval.
o Self-promotion = Boosting your positive traits and guard your negative traits
and failures.
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