BIOLOGY 211
A. 8/24/20
a. Life
i. What is biology?
1. Greek roots: "bio" = life, "logy" = study of
2. Textbook definition: "...the scientific study of life"
ii. What is life?
1. Some properties and processes associated with life
a. Order
b. Energy Procession
c. Growth and development
d. ...
A. 8/24/20
a. Life
i. What is biology?
1. Greek roots: "bio" = life, "logy" = study of
2. Textbook definition: "...the scientific study of life"
ii. What is life?
1. Some properties and processes associated with life
a. Order
b. Energy Procession
c. Growth and development
d. Regulation
e. Reproduction
f. Response to the environment
g. Evolutionary adaptation
2. living things = all of the diverse organisms descended from that
unicellular common ancestor
iii. Traits shared by living organisms
1. They consist of one or more cells
a. These were first seen in 1665 by Robert Hooke, who used a
microscope to examine a thin slice of cork, and saw this
b. Bacteria, archaea, animals, plants, fungi, protists... all are
built of cells (either prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
2. They consist of one or more cells
a. Organisms can be:
i. Unicellular – composed of a single cell that carries
out all necessary functions
ii. Multicellular – composed of a many cells, each
specialized for different functions (e.g., brain cell,
skin cell, liver cell)
b. Organisms are built hierarchically:
i. Unicellular - cell (=organism), molecules, atoms
ii. Multicellular - organism, organs, tissues, cells,
molecules, atoms
3. They contain genetic information (in cells)
a. Genetic information is encoded in chains of four different
nucleotides in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
b. The entire set of DNA molecules in a cell is its "genome"
(each cell of a multicellular organism contains the same
, genome)
c. A "gene" is a sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule
that is "transcribed" into another nucleic acid, ribonucleic
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