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CALT Exam Prep People Questions and Answers Latest (2023 / 2024) (Verified Answers)
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CALT Exam Prep People Questions and Answers Latest (2023 / 2024) (Verified Answers)
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CALT Exam Prep_People1. Rudolph Flesch: Started the issue of the great debate to the publics
attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his
book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s)
2. Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith: Developed the Top-Down approach
to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through
immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it
down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at
words rather than sounding them out. (1980s)
3. G. Reid Lyon: Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD.
(1985)
4. Top-Down Theory: led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith
**strong meaning-based position
**Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game"
**rather than read every word, good readers select out on the
essential textual information
**only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make
sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread
**this is Whole Language characteristic
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, 5. Bottom-Up Theory: emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act
and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and
word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be
fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics)
6. Interactive Theory: readers simultaneously initiate word identification
and pre- dict meaning----these are reciprocal events
7. analytical approach: whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on
the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into
component parts
8. synthetic approach: part (letters) to whole words (bottom up)
9. linguistics-based beginning reading approach: Learning to recognize
word families (bat, cat, hat, )
10.D. Berlin (1887): Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" --
meaning pertaining to words.
11.James Hinshelwood (1917): "word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from
Scotland that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected
word storage
12.Samuel Orton (1920-1950): Neuropsychiatrist from Columbia University
in New York who first recognized dyslexia students in America. He
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