Interview
Class 9 History Chapter 2.Notes
- Course
- Institution
This is an extract of the chapter,Best summary u can't find anywhere
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
naitikrajmahto
Content preview
History Chapter 2 NotesSocialism : A political and economic system in which property and the means of production are owned in
common, typically controlled by the state or government. A system or condition in which means of production
are owned and controlled by the masses.
Through the revolution in Russia, socialism became one of the most significant and powerful ideas to shape
society in the twentieth century.
There were three types of groups formed:
Liberals: They believed in a system which accepted all religions and not concentrates on a single religion. They
were against dynasty rulers as well. They asked for one vote per property but did not include women in the
same.
Radicals: They wanted a nation where the government should be elected by a majority of the population and
some of them wanted women to participate in the same.
Conservatives: They were not ready for changes and wanted to discard the idea of changes. At one point they
agreed to the upcoming changes but they wanted that at the same time the past should be respected.
Industrial Revolution led to changes in social and economic life, new cities came up, and new industrialised
regions developed.
Men, women and children came to factories in search of work. But, unfortunately, working hours were long, and
wages were poor. There was unemployment during the time of low demand for industrial goods.
Liberals and radicals made wealth through trade or industrial ventures. According to them, society can be
developed if the freedom of individuals is ensured, if the poor can labour, and if those with capital can operate
without restraint.
Many working men and women who wanted changes in the world rallied around liberal and radical groups and
parties in the early nineteenth century
In France, Italy, Germany and Russia, revolutionaries overthrow existing monarchs. Nationalists talked of
revolutions to create ‘nations’ with equal rights.
Aristocracy : the people of the highest social class who often have special titles
Liberals and Radicals wanted revolution to put an end to the kind of govt. established in 1815. Worked to
overthrow the existing monarchs in France, Italy, Germany and Russia. Suggested solutions to create ‘nations'
where all citizens would have equal rights.
By Atharv_Burrewar
, Giuseppe Mazzini (An Italian Revolutionary) : In 1815, he conspired with others to achieve this in Italy.
By the mid - nineteenth century in Europe, socialism was a well-known body of ideas that attracted widespread
attention. Socialists were against private property and saw it as the root of all social ills of the time. They
wanted to change it and campaigned for it. They wanted rather than an single individual if society would control
property then more attention would be paid to collective social interests.
Cooperative societies are association og people who produce goods together and divides the profit according
to the work done by members.
Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative community called New
Harmony in Indiana (USA). In France, for instance, Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the government to
encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments. According
to Marx, industrial society was ‘capitalist’ who owned the capital invested in factories, and the profit of
capitalists was produced by workers. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.
Marx believed that workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially
controlled. This would be a communist society. A communist society was the natural society of the future
By the 1870s, socialist ideas spread through Europe. To coordinate their efforts, socialists formed an
international body - namely, the Second International. Associations were formed by workers in Germany and
England to fight for better living and working conditions. These association worked closely with the Social
Democratic Party (SDP) and helped it win parliamentary seats.
In 1905, socialists & trade unionists formed :
❏ Labour party in Britain ❏ Socialist party in France . Till 1914,Socialist never
succeeded in forming a government in Europe. But thier ideas and strong
figures did shape legislation in parliamentary politics. Governments
continued to be run by Conservatives, Liberals and Radicals.
The fall of the monarchy in February 1917 and the events of October were
termed the Russian Revolution.
In 1914, Russia was under the rule of Tsar Nicholas II .The Russian Empire included current-day Finland, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus, stretching to the Pacific and comprised today’s Central
Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The majority of the population was Russian Orthodox
Christianity. The empire also included Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists .
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the vast majority of
Russian’s people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the
Russian empire’s population earned their living from agriculture .
Russia was major exporter of grains.
St Petersburg and Moscow were prominent industrial areas.
Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories
existed alongside craft workshops.
Expansion of railway network and more factories were set up in the
1890s, and foreign investment in industry increased. Large
factories were supervised by the government to ensure minimum
wages and limited hours of work.
Workers were a divided social group. They were also divided by their skill. Despite divisions, workers united to
stop work when they disagreed with employers about dismissals or work conditions.
A metalworker of St. Petersburg recalled, Metalworkers considered themselves aristocrats among other workers.
Women made up 31 per cent of the factory labour force by 1914, but they were paid less than men (between half
and three-quarters of a manís wage). Divisions among workers showed themselves in dress and manners too
By Atharv_Burrewar
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller naitikrajmahto. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79976 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now