Maryville University NURS611 PATHO Exam 2 All Questions and Answers 2023/2024
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Course
Nurs611
Institution
Nurs611
Maryville University NURS611 PATHO
Exam 2 All Questions and Answers
2023/2024
Parasympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer Conserves energy and the
body's resources
day to day needs of the body
Autonomic Nervous System Correct Answer made up of parasympathetic, and
sympathetic nervous syste...
Maryville University NURS611 PATHO
Exam 2 All Questions and Answers
2023/2024
Parasympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer Conserves energy and the
body's resources
day to day needs of the body
Autonomic Nervous System Correct Answer made up of parasympathetic, and
sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer Responds to stress by preparing
the body to defend itself (fight or flight). Releases catecholamines (epinephrine),
mobilizes energy stores, for instance, glucose to muscles, decreases the release of
insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut( decreases peristalsis) to the muscles
(flight), heart, and lungs (increases diameter of bronchioles).
What is the first defense of our bodies? Correct Answer Skin and mucous
membranes
What is the purpose of the inflammatory process? Correct Answer To prevent
infection of the injured tissue.
*If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection,
and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue
What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection? Correct Answer Edema, warmth,
redness, and pain
Which type of White blood cell is the first to arrive at the site of infection? Correct
Answer Leukocytes
Classifications of primary brain injury? Correct Answer focal or diffuse
Focal Brain Injury Correct Answer Specific brain lesions that occur in a precise
location. (stroke, epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage)
Diffuse Brain Injury (Multi-focal injuries) Correct Answer Affects the entire brain
(hypoxia, meningitis, damage to blood vessels, and encephalitis)
What is commonly seen after a TBI? Correct Answer Swelling.
*Swelling can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure which can cause
collateral dysfunction (the brain is in a limited space).
,Why does increased intracranial pressure cause diabetes insipidus? Correct
Answer Pressure is applied to the pituitary gland and prevents ADH from being
released, thus causing polyuria.
**Closely monitor urine output in these patients, output will get very high!
Autonomic Hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) Correct Answer *Affected at the T5-T6 level
or above.
*Characterized by
*paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mm Hg systolic),
*a pounding headache,
*blurred vision
*sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin
*The spinal cord injury results in disturbed thermal control because the
hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of a damaged sympathetic
nervous system.
*bradycardia (30 to 40 beats/minute).
*Stimulation of the carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node.
What can trigger autonomic hyperreflexia? Correct Answer Full bladder, fecal
impaction, pressure areas, or restrictive clothing.
What causes sweating above the level of the injury in autonomic hyperreflexia?
Correct Answer The spinal cord injury results in disturbed thermal control because
the hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat a a result of a damaged
sympathetic nervous system
What causes bradycardia in autonomic hyperreflexia? Correct Answer Stimulation
of the carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node, causing the SA node to
slow way dow to 30-40bpm
Delirium Correct Answer Typically occurs in older adults. Onset is acute (common
during hospitalization) and can last from hours to weeks, remits with treatment.
Attention and orientation are impaired, thoughts are disorganized, delusions,
hallucinations and illusions can occur.
Dementia Correct Answer Typically seen in older adults, onset is generally
gradual with a chronic, slow decline. Duration can last from months to years. Initially
attention, duration, orientation, perceptions, and behaviors are intact early on,
deteriorating over time.
Dementia is commonly characterized by the deterioration in which of the following
abilities? Correct Answer *dementia is the progressive failure (an acquired
deterioration) of many cerebral functions that include impairment of intellectual
function with a decrease in orienting, memory, language, executive attentional
functions, and alterations in behavior
, What is the normal intracranial pressure (mm Hg)? Correct Answer 5 - 15mmHg
Alzheimer Disease Correct Answer Leading cause of dementia and one of the
most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults. The greatest
risk factors are age and family history.
Alzheimer disease cause and diagnosis Correct Answer The exact cause of AD is
unknown and there is no clear understanding of this complex disease process. The
specific diagnosis of AD is made my postmortem examination. FIRST rule out ALL
other causes of dementia with a thorough clinical history, cognitive testing, course of
the illness, laboratory tests, and brain imaging. Genetic susceptibility tests are used
to screen for early onset AD(PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP).
Symptoms of Alzheimer Disease Correct Answer Memory loss/changes in
memory; forgetting words or substituting inappropriate words; problems in speaking,
reading, writing, and understanding; disorientation to time and place; poor or
decreased judgement; problems with abstract thinking; misplacing things in
inappropriate places; drastic changes in personality; difficulty performing familiar
tasks/routine chores
How are strokes classified? Correct Answer according to pathophysiology:
ischemic (thrombotic or embolic), global hypoperfusion (shock), intracerebral
hemorrhage.
What is the most common type of stroke? Correct Answer Ischemic (thrombotic
or embolic). No identifiable cause can be established by conventional diagnostic
tests in many ischemic strokes and they are classified as "undetermined" or
"cryptogenic."
Contributing factors for stroke Correct Answer diabetes, HTN, high cholesterol ,
heart disease, PVD, polycythemia and thrombocytopenia, a-fib, postmenopausal
hormone therapy, hight Na/low K intake, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, chronic
sleep deprivation, African Americans (2xs likely then whites), and hereditary.
What is the most common location of a stroke? Correct Answer Middle cerebral
artery
What is the single greatest risk factor for stroke? Correct Answer Uncontrolled
hypertension
Contralateral hemiparesis (hemiplegia) Correct Answer Paresis/paralysis of the
upper and lower extremities on one side, the opposite side of the brain is affected
(ex= injury to L brain = R side s/s)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Correct Answer An autoimmune disease triggered by a
preceding bacterial or viral infection.
*Weakness occurs and usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in 90% of
cases, After weakness plateaus, strength improves over a period of days to months,
with the majority of individuals reaching activity levels similar to their predisease
state.
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