In this summary (based on my own notes and PPT) you can find all the chapters that have been given in the Systems Neuroscience course, except Part II of the Vestibular system.
Color code:
-Purple= 1.
-Dark pink = 1.1.
-Light pink = 1.1.1.
-Green= 1.1.1.1
- Blue= 1.1.1.1.1
Important abbr...
EMBRYOGENESIS SYSTEM NEUROSCIENCE: NERVOUS SYSTEM RETINA
neurulation !!! DEVELOPMENT = invagination of neural tube
= production neural tube, B-vesicles & spinal other factors involved in neural induction:
cord > neuronal plate: NT3
> surface ectoderm
a) dotted line = production notochord > LPM: BMPs
(mesoderm)
→ sends out TF (Shh & Noggin) to
> PM: Twists PATTERNING
> endoderm = molecular & cellular specification area’s
ectoderm
b) ectoderm is going to raise converted to 5 B-vesicles: of developing tissue
c) development butterfly shape > pro divides in 2:
→ from this moment 2 ≠ ectoderms: • telencephalon = cerebral cortex SONIC
> white = surface ectoderm • diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, HEDGEHOG
> blue = neurectoderm (lays pineal gland & retina PROTEIN
elevated on suf. ectoderm) > mesencephalon = midB
> rhom divides in 2: = ventralizing factor prod. by notochord
d) central<<< part butterfly penetrates
• metencephalon → prod. in ventral region: induces
into depth
• myelencephalon floorplate & ventral cell types in
→ formation neuronal pit/groeve
1. surface ectoderm / 2. neuronal plate / neural tube
3. neuronal pit / 4. neuronal crest with cells / DEVELOPMENT VENTRICULAR
5. neuronal tube / 6. spinal ganglion / 7. neuro- SYSTEM
porus cranialis/anterior / 7. neuroporus caudalis/ BMP4
posterior / 9. notochord / 10. primitive knot / = bone morphogenetic protein 4
11. primitive line / 12. somites = dorsalzing factor prod. by notochord
e) indentation (instulpen) neuroectoderm: (sextra info embryology for primitive line etc.) → prod. in dorsal region: induces
2 sides of the pit grow to each other roofplate & commissural intern
& melt together (see as jacket with neuronal tube rise to entire NS & all circuits !!! + shedding part of dorsal cells
2 zippers: begins in the middle & 1 --> move away from tube
zipper closes caudal & other cranial) neuronal tube defects: --> form crest cells: forms
f) creation neuronal tube: completely > anencephaly = error at cranial neuroporus many ≠ cells & tissues
separated from surf. ectoderm → no B bcs of no closure neuronal tube → works together with Sonic P:
(is laying under it) > spina bifida = error caudal neuroporus make a dorsal-ventral axis !!! for
g) between surf. ectoderm & later differentiation
neuroectoderm neuronal crest cells
B-DEVELOPMENT
= special migrating cells neuronal tube forms 3 dilatations pigments cells, cartilage, connective
h) cranial & caudal parts stay open = B vesicles: tissue, N, glia cells,...
temperately > prosencephalon = foreB
= neuroporus cranialis & caudalis > mesencephalon = midB
→ needs to close: o/w neuronal → stays like it is
tube defects > rhombencephalon = hindB
, TbR2 = TF in subventricular zone also tangential migration ~ Tarzan: jump
RHOMBOMERES DEVELOPMENT CEREBRAL from 1 location to another → not
→ radial glia’s -> intermediate progenitors
= regional ≠ in rostro-caudal axis bcs of CORTEX marker completely understand
swelling of the neuronal tube cortex -> ≠ layers → no TbR2?: → eg. intern migration in cortex from
→ only visible at 29day embryo -> less N = B smaller: cortex smaller ventral foreB
→ each rhombomere ≠ size & shape !!! layer = ventricular zone (VZ): contains -> developmental delays
+ express specific Hox genes in N & glia progenitors -> expands massively -> agenesis corpus callosum MECHANISMS THAT
specific combinations (above VZ subventricular zone) CONTROL MIGRATION
→ specific combination will result → first prod. N from preplate (PP) environmental factors also influence on B!!:
> contact-mediated attraction:
in segmental arrangement → their axons + thalamus axons form eg. fetal alcohol syndrome
connection new N~radial glia cell
cranial nerves intermediate zone (IZ) eg. Zika virus: targets progenitor cells
stimulates gap junction formation
→ after this generation N cortical → microencephaly
→ !!! for maturation
Hox genes regulated by morphogens layers II-VI: form cortical layer > contact-mediated inhibition
= signaling factors: directs cell fate & NEURODEVELOPMENTAL
> chemoattraction
tissue development at a distance from split perplate in: DISORDERS > chemorepulsion
their source > marginal zone = future layer I > spina bifida
→ they induce pattern formation > subplate > anencephaly = underdeveloped B MIGRATION DEFECTS
→ response to morphogen altered by > congenital syphilis & toxoplasma
previous patterning tissue these layers form the 6 layers of cortex > schizophrenia not very !!!, but know that it’s possible
> autism → change in cortex factors?
conserved in many spp. > epilepsy -> migration defects
→ same role & orientation in humans & fruit
flies + very homologue APOPTOSIS DIFFERENTIATION
large part of N during development will be in B >100 ≠ N → how so many?
PROLIFERATION apoptosed > genetically programmed fate choices
→ high regulated + key process in develop- > TF in ≠ stages of development
CNS DEVELOPMENT ment (or combo’s of TF)
see B-development RADIAL GLIA > temporal & spatial segregation
long unknown which cell type produced N caspase 9!!! > environmental factors
NEUROGENESIS IN VZ & SVZ → know now it are radial glia cells: → no caspase = bigger B & more B-defects > conserved genetic programming for
located in ventral part & come from neurogenesis
in lining hollow neuronal tube proliferating
cells neuro epithelium cells
MIGRATION > combinatorial transcription code
= neuronal epithelium cells -> divide → divide in 12-24h in other cells: all radial glia cells = substrates for migration (eg. TbR2)
cells neuro epithelium related → produced N keeps hanging on glia cell for → all specify which N it will become
!!! proliferating marker a while
= phospho histone H3 → uses glia as guide to migrate to HUMAN ORGANOIDS
→ ventral part higher proliferation, but final destination = induced pluripotent cells
most of cortex born in dorsal part = radial migration: nicely oriented → used to model human B-disorders
-> 80% N = glutamatergic N & start from ventricular zone & early stages B-development
-> 20% GABAergic N: regulate → eg. cerebral cortex: inside out
excitatory N formed --> 6->5->4->3->2->1
, NEURONAL POLARITY
N reaches final destination
→ start further differentiation: formation
neuronal polarity with input (dendrite)
& output (axons) zones
→ development axonal growth cone
= extension of developing N looking for
synaptic target
→ highly motile, determines growth
direction & interact with ≠ cells
SURVIVAL PRESYNAPTIC
CELL
survival regulated by:
> trophic factors prod. by their targets
= neurotrophines: nerve growth factor,
B derived neurotrophic factor &
neurotrophin 3
• secreted P
• NGF !!!!! for survival in development
• all factors promote N extension,
axonal regeneration & synapse
formation
• act via specific R: TRKs
SYNAPSE FORMATION
axonal filaments when connected
properly change in shape
→ forms: presynaptic element,
cleft (15-30nm) & postsynaptic
elements (with R for NT)
, PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING THE PLASTIC BRAIN
2 !!! concepts for plasticity:
I. MEMORY SIMPLE LEARNED BEHAVIOR IN MEMORY DEFECT AFTER
II. LEARNING = acquisition knowledge/skills APLASIA
through study, experience or being taught HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE
→ 1st scientist that looked at learning Eric Kandel: used sea slug to study learning Henri M.: patient with recurrent epileptic
processes in aplasia seizures
& how behavior changes when you learn
A-B) touch siphon -> redraws gill (yellow) → consulted neurologist Scoville: cut piece
= Pavlov
= preventive mechanism temporal lobe away
→ repeat: slug habituates → helped Henri, but Scoville didn’t know
classical conditioning !!!!: dog -> show dog food
-> saliva production -> proceed presentation → now painful stimuli to siphon: function temporal lobe (hippocampus!!)
food with bell -> after while just bell will faster response (dark blue) DISCOVERY SYNAPTIC
induce salivation (light blue = learning period necessary to store new info PLASTICITY IN HIPPO-
→ after learning period bell induces salivation for touch siphon) → Henri couldn’t learn anything CAMPUS CONFIRMS
= Pavlovian conditioning after operation (even family)
HEBBIAN THEORY
HEBBIAN PLASTICITY & LEARNING & MEMORY IN study: isolated hippocampus & made
CONDITIONING ANIMALS sections
90% work biomedical science done in rats & → put stimulation electrode on Schaffer
psychologist Hebb: though synapse collaterals hippocampus &
connections change as result of experience mice
registration electrode CA1 region
→ 2 cells connected via synapse C) neuronal network of aplasia gill-withdrawal → to look at learning Hampton court maze → start stimulation:
→ use of synapse = synapse efficiency↑ reflex: used = labyrinth
→ nowadays not used anymore: now > low freq. stimulation: gives
→ re-suse synapse: changes efficiency > MN = motor N = withdraws gill same response
& builds information > SN = sensory N = register touch gill Morris water maze
> high freq. stimulation: N goes
> 5HT N= serotonine N = register electric back to initial situation, but
classical conditioning according to Hebb: shock → modulates blue connection MORRIS WATER MAZE
after h the response is
US = unconditioned stimulus = food of SN -> MN B) time needed to reach platform intensified = potentiation
CS = conditioned stimulus → see learning curve: after #days
→ learning process results in change in training animals reach platform faster shows that hippocampus has
connections between cells that register C) memory training Hebbian synapse !!!
ringing bell & N that elicit response → remove platform & see in which
(salivation) quadrant animal was most = synapses that get better when used
→ in end ringing bell = salivation → most time in quadrant where (here high freq. stim. potentiates
→ learning = new connections OR platform was originally ↑ synapses-efficiency)
enhancing existing connections D) shows that learning = based on synapses
→ argument that animal was
→ intervention 5HT N modifies connection synapses -> glutamate R: NMDA & AMPA
really learning !!!
SN & MN → NMDA !!! role in potentiation
D) strategies to find platform:
→ learning process situated at level → why NMDA? -> distributed highly
> spatial: uses higher part of B
modulation synapses in cerebral cortex, hippocampus &
> systematic
> repetitive: no use higher parts B striatum
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