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Evolution Making Sense Of Life 2nd Edition by Carl Zimmer -Test Bank
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, Test Bank, Chapter 11. Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?
(a) Beak size in a population of birds becomes larger from one generation to
the next because larger beaked birds had higher reproductive success
and passed the trait to their offspring
(b) Over long periods of time whales gradually lost their hindlimbs
(c) When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes to
accommodate lower oxygen levels
(d) All of the above are examples of evolution
2. The fluke of a whale and the fluke of a shark:
(a) are homologous traits
(b) arose through convergent evolution
(c) are the result of natural selection
(d) b and c are correct
(e) all are correct
3. Mammary glands in whales and humans:
(a) are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals
(b) are homologous traits
(c) were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans and
whales
(d) all are correct
(e) none are correct
4. Based on current fossil evidence:
(a) whales were likely fully aquatic before they evolved peg-like teeth or
baleen
(b) evolution of baleen forced whales to become fully aquatic
(c) the teeth of extinct whales such as Dorudon were similar to those of
extinct land mammals
(d) a and c are correct
(e) b and c are correct
5. One important feature that links extinct organisms such as Pakicetus and
Indohyus to cetaceans is:
(a) the shape of a bone in the middle ear
(b) the presence of forelimb flippers
(c) the lack of hindlegs
(d) peg-like teeth
,6. The placement of whales within the artiodactyls is supported by:
(a) morphology of limb bones (e.g. the astragalus) in extinct whales
(b) DNA evidence
(c) the fact that some artiodactyls (e.g. hippos) spend a significant amount of
time in the water
(d) a and b are correct
(e) all of the above
7. From examining the fossil record, scientists have postulated that long-term
historic changes in cetacean diversity depended on:
(a) changes in the abundance of diatoms, one of their main food sources
(b) changes in the abundance of diatoms, which serve as food for
animals that were preyed upon by cetaceans
(c) changes in sea temperature
(d) rising pollution levels in the ocean
(e) changes in the abundance of organisms that prey on cetaceans
8. Which of the following would explain why viruses such as influenza evolve so
rapidly:
(a) they have a high mutation rate
(b) they have a high replication rate
(c) they can undergo viral reassortment
(d) none of the above
(e) all of the above
9. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the evolution of drug
resistance in a virus:
(a) the drug causes mutations in the virus that make it resistant
(b) even before the drug is administered, some virions might be
resistant
(c) an individual virion that is exposed to the drug will adapt by becoming
resistant; future applications of the drug will be ineffective against this
virion
(d) all of the above
10. The molecular clock used to date the emergence of the 2009 H1N1 strain
would be inaccurate if:
(a) mutations arose at different rates in different lineages
(b) the most recent common ancestor of the viral strains existed long ago
(c) the most recent common ancestor of the viral strains existed recently
(d) none of the above
, 11. New mutations:
(a) are random with respect to their effects on fitness
(b) are necessary for natural selection to cause evolutionary change
(c) are rare in a population
(d) a and b are correct
(e) all are correct
12. Evolution occurs when:
(a) individuals in a population change in response to the environment
(b) the average value of trait in a population changes from one
generation to the next
(c) a and b are both correct
(d) Neither a or b is correct
Short answer/essay.
1. Please describe evidence three pieces of evidence found in extant cetaceans
that supports the idea that their ancestors had hindlimbs.
1. During embryonic development hindlimb buds form, but are then
stop growing.
2. Some extant whales have a vestigial pelvis, which only makes sense
if their ancestors had hindlimbs.
3. DNA evidence shows that cetaceans are nested within the
artiodactyls. The common ancestor of artiodactyls would have had
hindlimbs.
2. Describe how scientists used carbon isotopes to determine whether extinct
whales likely inhabited freshwater or saltwater.
Although most oxygen atoms have eight neutrons, some oxygen isotopes
have more (e.g. 10). Seawater has more oxygen atoms with 10 neutrons
(heavy) than freshwater, and animals that live in the sea incorporate more
heavy oxygen into their bones than animals that live on land. Thus, by
measuring the ratio of light to heavy oxygen in the bones of fossil whales,
and comparing this to ratios found in extant organisms inhabiting
freshwater or seawater environments, scientists were able to determine
whether extinct whales likely lived in the sea or the land.
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