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DVA2603 EXAM PACK 2023
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DVA2603EXAM
PACK
2023
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2
QUESTION 1
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of in situ upgrading and greenfields development to
improve housing conditions and standard of living of the urban poor. (50 marks)
QUESTION 2
Discuss the unintended consequences and sustainability challenges of rapid urbanisation
in countries of the South by specifically focusing on the following issues: unemployment,
water and sanitation delivery, transport and ICT infrastructure delivery and housing
challenges.
(50 marks)
QUESTION 3
Analyse the developmental role of local government in sub-Sahara Africa, with specific
reference to South Africa. (50 marks)
QUESTION 4
Write an essay in which you discuss the importance of transport and ICT infrastructure in
the development of urban centres in Africa. (50 marks)
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QUESTION 3
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………3
History of local government in sub-Sahara Africa ………………….………………….3
The concept of developmental local government……………………………………….4
The concept of local economic development (LED ……………………………………..5
Challenges related to the implementation of LED at the municipal level………………6
Collaborative governance for LED………………………………………………………….7-8
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………9
References …………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction
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Post-apartheid, the South African local government emerged from being an subservient,
racist and illegitimate institution to a democratically elected leadership institution with
a constitutional status and a developmental agenda. Although faced with a number
of challenges such as unemployment, poverty, lack of infrastructure and more, this
paper aims to analyse the developmental role of local government in South Africa.
The history of local government in South Africa
Before 1994, no single, uniform system of local government existed across the country:
each province had its own configuration of local government institutions. The well-
resourced and viable commercial centers with strong revenue bases were reserved as
white areas while the outlying and poor areas without meaningful formal economies
were reserved for black people. (De Visser 2005:8). “Apartheid aimed to limit the
extent to which affluent white municipalities would bear the financial burden of servicing
black disadvantaged areas” (Koma 2012:105).
Communication between the liberations movement and the apartheid government on
negotiations for local government transformation took place in the early 1990s.
“The Interim Constitution paved the way for the first democratic elections in 1994 and
for the formulation of a final Constitution by the newly elected Parliament. It ushered in
constitutional recognition for local government by recognizing its autonomy and
guaranteeing it revenue generating powers, as well as a right to a share of nationally
generated revenue” (De Visser 2005).
According to Mogale (2003:230) the process of policy reform and development in South
Africa occurred between 1993 to the year 2000, with the introduction of a number of
legislations and policies relating to local government such as municipal structures act
117 of 1998 guided the rationalization of municipal administration.
The concept of developmental local government
3
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