Summary
OCR A-Level Biology Kidneys Summary
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Handwritten Notes detailing all the necessary A* content for Kidneys in OCR A-Level Biology.
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kidney structure :Cortex Dark outer
layer of filters through its many capillaries
kidney blood
:
the ->
medulla Contains :
the tubules of the nephronsforms pyramids and collecting ducts
Pelvis :
Central chamber where urine collects before leaving via the ureter
Nephrons filter the blood and remove
waste/unnecessary compounds
:
·
Bowman's Capsule Contains tangle of Capillaries
the
glomerulus
:
, a
2
·
Proximal Convoluted Tubule first coiled region of :
, the tubule after
the bowmans capsules most substances are reabsorbed here
Loop of Henle A long loop of tubule
·
creating a
region with a
very
:
high solute concentration in the tissue fluid The .
descending loop runs
from the cortex to the hairpin bend . The ascending loop runs back up
through
the medulla to the Cortex .
Distal convoluted
fine-tuning of osmoregulation permeability varies with ADA concentration
·
tube :
,
Duct Urine travels down to the pelvis the walls also respond to variations in ADH
Collecting
·
:
, .
Ultrafiltration : First stage in the removal of nitrogenous waste and
osmoregulation
1 .
Glomerulus is supplied by a wide renal arteriole and the blood leaves
through a narrow arteriole
creating high pressure .
2 .
Blood is forced out of the
capillary wall ,
passing through the basement membrane
~most of the
plasma can leave but blood cens and proteins are retained due to their size
Podocytes called pedicels
.
3 in the Bowman's capsule have extensions that wrap around the
capillaries ensuring any platelets or proteins do not escape the actual tubules
capsule contains glucose salt and urea and about 20 % of
4 The filtrate in the
.
the water
,
reabsorbed
Reabsorption amino acids , Vitamins and hormones
by active transport
In the PCT
glucose are
:
,
↳ Cens PCT have many microvilli and mitochondria better transport
lining the -
Loop of Henle :
Descending Limb Water moves filtrate down
·
out of the a concentration
gradient
:
↳
No active transport so
any filtrate that reaches the
hairpin bend is
very hypotonic
Ascending Limb Permeable but not
·
to ions water so ions leave and reach an isotonic
necessary
:
concentration for reabsorption
Distal Convoluted tubule Water is reabsorbed :
or removed depending on ADA concentration .
If the
body lacks salt Sodium will be actively removed with chlorine
following the gradient
·
.
Collecting Duct : Continues to
modify Urine concentration
relating to ADH Concentration
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