Exam (elaborations)
BCBA 4th Edition Task List Section D
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BCBA 4th Edition Task List Section DUse Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Occurs when a behavior is followed
immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, occurs more often
in the future.
Use Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Occurs when a behavior is followed
immediately by the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus, the operation of a
stimulus and, as a result, occurs more often in the future.
Use appropriate parameters of Reinforcement - ANSWER Remember:
Mo'DADS
MO: Motivating Operations - the momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change
as reinforcement depends on an existing level of motivation with respect to the
stimulus change in question (must have an establishing operation EO).
Dependency - must directly follow the behavior that should increase in order to
work (use direct rather than indirect reinforcement when ever possible)
Amount - must be of sufficient magnitude to have the desired increasing effect on
the frequency of the behavior.
Delay - gradually increase the response-to-reinforcement delay - start by
reinforcing every occurrence of the target behavior, slowly increase the number of
responses necessary to acquire reinforcement, as to promote the generality of the
behavior into the natural environment where delay to reinforcement is generally
on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement.
Schedules of Reinforcement - Fixed/ Variable Ratio/Interval/Time Schedules,
compound schedules
Use appropriate schedules of reinforcement - ANSWER Fixed Ratio
Schedules of Reinforcement: a set number of target responses are required for
reinforcement to be delivered. (FR1 always to introduce a skill into someone's
repertoire, gradually increase to promote generalization)
Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement: a variable number of target responses
are required for reinforcement to be delivered, the variable number of target
responses averages to the number defined by the schedule.
Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement: at the end of a set interval of time, the
,first target response after that time elapses will be reinforced.
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement: At the end of the a variable interval of
time, the first target response after that time elapses will be reinforced. The
variable interval is an average of time defined by the schedule
Fixed Time schedules of reinforcement: at the end of the time, reinforcement is
delivered non-contingently on the occurrence of the target behavior.
Fixed Interval Schedules of reinforcement: at the end of the variable amount of
time, reinforcement is delivered non-contingently on the occurrence of the target
behavior.
Fixed Ratio Schedule - ANSWER Reinforcement delivered contingent on
emission of a specified number of responses.
Schedule Effects: After reinforcement a post-reinforcement pause occurs. After the
pause the ratio requirement is completed at a high rate of response and very little
hesitation between responses. The size of the ratio influences both the pause and
the rate.
Variable Ratio Schedule - ANSWER Reinforcer is delivered after the
mission of a variable number of responses.
Schedule Effects: Ratio requirements are completed with a very high, steady rate
of response and little hesitation between responses. Postreinforcement pauses are
not a characteristic of the schedule. Rate of response is influenced by the size of
the ratio requirements
Fixed Interval Schedule - ANSWER The first correct response after a
designated and constant amount of time produces the reinforcer.
Schedule Effects: Schedules generate slow to moderate rates of responding with a
pause in responding following reinforcement. Responding begins to accelerate
toward the end of the interval.
Variable Interval Schedule - ANSWER The first correct response following
varying intervals of time produces the reinforcer.
Schedule Effects: Schedule generates a slow to moderate response rate that is
constant and stable, There are few, if any, postreinforcement pauses with this
schedule.
Limited hold - ANSWER added to interval schedule, reinforcement remains
, available for a finite amount of time following the elapse of the FI or VI Schedule.
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER Some, but not all,
occurrences of the target behavior are reinforced. Can be basic (FR, VR, FI, FV),
variations on basic schedules (DRH, DRL, PI, PR) or compound (Conc, Conj, Mult,
Chain, Mix, Tand, Alt).
Progressive Ratio Schedules - ANSWER Systematically thins each
successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the participant's behavior.
PR and PI change schedule requirements using arithmetic progressions to add a
constant amount to each successive ration or interval or geometric progressions to
add successively a constant proportion of the preceding ration or interval.
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER Occurs when (a) two or
more contingencies of reinforcement (b) operate independently and
simultaneously (c) for two or more behaviors.
Think choice between engaging in the two behaviors/access to the two possible
reinforcers.
Conjoint Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER Whenever reinforcement
follows the completion of response requirements for both a ratio schedule and an
interval schedule of reinforcement.
Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER Presents two or more
basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random sequence. The
basic schedules with in the schedule occur successively and independently. A
discriminative stimulus is correlated with each basic schedule, and that stimulus
is present as long as the schedule is in effect.
Think studying for the same subject with two different people at different times.
Chained Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER Two or more basic
schedule requirements that occur successively and have a discriminative stimulus
correlated with each independent schedule. Always occurs in a specific order, the
behavior may be the same for all elements of the chain or different behaviors may
be required for different elements in the chain. Conditioned reinforcement for
responding in the first element in a chain is the presentation of the second
element, conditioned reinforcement for responding in the second element is the
presentation of the third element, etc.
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