Personality
A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
Conscious mind
Freud's term fo...
Intro to Psychology - Final Exam questions and answers
Personality - answer A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
Conscious mind - answer Freud's term for what you are presently aware of
Preconscious mind - answer Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access
Unconscious mind - answer Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware
of.
Id - answer The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.
Pleasure principle - answer The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives
without concern for the consequences
Ego - answer The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives.
Reality principle - answer The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society).
Superego - answer The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behaviour. Defense mechanism - answer A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.
Erogenous zone - answer The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.
Fixation - answer Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs.
Oral stage of psychosexual development - answer First stage in Freud's theory
Birth to 18 months
Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue
Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing
Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment - answer Second stage in Freud's theory
18 months to 3 years
Erogenous zone is anus
Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal movements
Phallic stage of psychosexual development - answer Third stage in Freud's theory
3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone is located at genitals
Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation
Oedipus Conflict - answer Freud
Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him. Identification - answer Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality
Latency stage of psychosexual development - answer Fourth stage in Freud's theory
6 years to puberty
No erogenous zone
Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development
Genital stage of psychosexual development - answer Fifth stage in Freud's theory
Puberty to adulthood
Erogenous zone is genitals
Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate adult relationships
Hierarchy of Needs - answer Motivation
Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are arranged in a pyramid shape.
From bottom to top:
Physiological (hunger, thirst)
Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)
Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)
Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence)
Self-actualization (live up to potential)
Self-actualization - answer The fullest realization of a person's potential
Conditions of worth - answer The behaviours and attitudes for which other people (starting with
parents) will give us positive regard Unconditional positive regard - answer Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others
Self-system - answer The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates their behaviour
Self-efficacy - answer A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations
External locus of control - answer The perception that chance or external forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
Internal locus of control - answer The perception that you control your own fate.
Learned helplessness - answer A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to prevent aversive events.
Attribution - answer The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others
Self-serving bias - answer The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favourably
Traits - answer The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person
Personal inventory - answer An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.
Projective test - answer A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli
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