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NUR611 EXAM 4 PATHO ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 611 NUR 611 REAL 300+ QUESTION
AND ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES A GRADE LATEST 2023 -
2024 (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
611-Patho Exam 4
1..Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?
a. Prostaglandins
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Aspirin
d. Regurgitated bile
Prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and enterogastrones, such as gastric inhibitory
peptide, somatostatin, and secretin, inhibit acid secretion.
1. Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Phosphate
d. Chloride
Sodium. Sodium passes through the tight junctions and is actively transported
across cell membranes. Sodium and glucose share a common active transport
carrier (sodium-glucose ligand transporter 1 [SGLT1]).
2. What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
a. Excessive production of hydrochloric acid
b. Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter
c. Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus
d. Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus
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Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, the resting
tone of the lower esophageal sphincter maintains a zone of high pressure that
prevents gastroesophageal reflux. In individuals who develop reflux esophagitis,
this pressure tends to be lower than normal from either transient relaxation or a
weakness of the sphincter.
3. By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?
a. Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine,
usually causing strangulation of the blood supply
b. Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the
blood supply
c. Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic
ileus
d. Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to the intestinal omentum,
causing obstruction
A. Intussusception is the telescoping of part of the intestine into another section
of intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply.
4. What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction?
a. Vomiting
b. Electrolyte imbalances
c. Dehydration
d. Distention
Distention begins almost immediately, as gases and fluids accumulate proximal to
the obstruction. Within 24 hours, up to 8 L of fluid and electrolytes
enters the lumen in the form of saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and
intestinal secretions. Copious vomiting or sequestration of fluids in the
intestinal lumen prevents their reabsorption and produces severe fluid and
electrolyte disturbances.
5. An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes
metabolic alkalosis by causing which outcome?
a. Gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed
b. Excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juices
c. Excessive loss of potassium, promoting atony of the intestinal wall
d. Loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed
Excessive loss of hydrogen ions. If the obstruction is at the pylorus or high in the
small intestine, then metabolic alkalosis initially develops as a result of
excessive loss of hydrogen ions that normally would be reabsorbed from the gastric juices.
6. What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?
a. Constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation
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b. Acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating
c. Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting
d. Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia
Colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting.
7. What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
a. Hypersecretion of gastric acid
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Hyposecretion of pepsin
d. Escherichia coli Helicobacter pylori.
8. A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:
a. Stomach
b. Jejunum
c. Duodenum
d. Esophagus Jejunum
9. After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include
increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the
results of which mechanism?
a. Anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles, causing
shock.
b. Postoperative hemorrhage during which a large volume of blood is lost,
causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia.
c. Concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine,
causing hyperglycemia and resulting in polyuria and eventually
hypovolemic shock.
d. Rapid gastric emptying and the creation of a high osmotic gradient in the
small intestine, causing a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to
the intestinal lumen.
D. Dumping syndrome occurs with varying severity in 5% to 10% of individuals
who have undergone partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty. Rapid gastric
emptying and the creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine cause a sudden
shift of fluid from the vascular compartment to the intestinal
lumen. Plasma volume decreases, causing vasomotor responses, such as
increased pulse rate, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness.
Rapid distention of the intestine produces a feeling of epigastric fullness,
cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
10. Which statement is consistent with dumping syndrome?
a. Dumping syndrome usually responds well to dietary management.
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b. It occurs 1 to 2 hours after eating.
c. Constipation is often a result of the dumping syndrome.
d. It can result in alkaline reflux gastritis.
Usually responds well to dietary management.
11. Which statement is false regarding the sources of increased ammonia that
contribute to hepatic encephalopathy?
a. End products of intestinal protein digestion are sources of increased
ammonia.
b. Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices is a source of increased
ammonia.
c. Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids that is attached to ammonia is a
source of increased ammonia.
d. Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of increased
ammonia.
The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids, serotonin, tryptophan, and false
neurotransmitters probably contributes to neural derangement and is not
associated with ammonia levels. The other options provide accurate
information regarding how the sources of ammonia contribute to hepatic encephalopathy.
12. Which statement is false regarding the pathophysiologic process of acute
pancreatitis?
a. Bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction blocks the outflow of pancreatic
digestive enzymes.
b. Acute pancreatitis can also result from direct cellular injury from drugs or
viral infection.
c. Acute pancreatitis is an autoimmune disease in which immunoglobulin G
(IgG) coats the pancreatic acinar cells; consequently, the pancreatic
enzymes destroy the cells.
d. Acute pancreatitis is usually mild and spontaneously resolves.
The false answer is C. The backup of pancreatic secretions and the activation and
release of enzymes (activated trypsin activates chymotrypsin, lipase, and elastase) within the
pancreatic acinar cells cause acute pancreatitis, an obstructive disease. The activated enzymes
cause autodigestion (e.g., proteolysis, lipolysis) of the pancreatic cells and tissues, resulting
in inflammation. Acute pancreatitis is usually a mild disease and spontaneously
resolves; however, approximately 20% of those with the disease develop a severe
acute pancreatitis that requires hospitalization. Pancreatitis develops because of a blockage
to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct
obstruction (e.g., gallstones). Acute pancreatitis can also result from direct cellular injury
from drugs or viral infection.
13. Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than what measurement?
