This summary table includes the relevant information on the foreign policy of the various Tudors, from Henry VII to Elizabeth I. As part of my ALevel studies, I compiled down my notes to create these tables which have all the relevant content on, which helped to form the basis of all my revision.
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Foreign Policy under Tudors
Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I
When H7 came to the throne in 1485, Henry VIII’s FP was marked by a number of Somerset The main influences on Mary’s FP concerned Domestic factors influencing Foreign Policy:
his main overriding aim was to establish different goals, which shifted over the When Somerset began his role as LP he had to her desire to restore papacy supremacy & to It was only really the Navy which was in
himself as the new King of England & course of his reign; yet H8’s overwhelming deal with many FP problems eg Scotland advance Philip’s cause as her choice of good shape, everything else was run
consolidate his dynasty. Whilst he has desire to achieve military glory was seen France & Scotland were threatening as they husband down
certain FP objectives – we can see how throughout the entirety of his reign. It can were both powerful Catholic countries – there The Spanish marriage, 1554 The main policy of E & her ministers was
this overriding aim links into them all. be argued that H8 did not achieve much was a danger in that they would invade this Mary, who was already 37, wanted to marry & to reassert England’s independence
Aims – success in his FP; whilst there were some newly Protestant country produce an heir as soon as possible in order to For the first 2 decades of her reign, FP
1. To maintain national achievements, these were only ever small, At the end of H8’s reign there was going to be guarantee a Catholic succession. was intertwined with the question of E’s
security short term ones which did not compensate war with Scotland – Somerset wanted to 2 contenders for Mary: marriage & her succession. She rejected
2. Defend/expand trading links for the heavy losses he was also making. continue this war as: - Gardiner (her Lord Chancellor) Philip’s proposal.
3. Gain international Aims – -this would help their border controls suggested Edward Courtenay, Earl E learnt a lot from the lengthy audiences
recognition for Tudor 1. military glory -potential easy win of Devon, but marriage to an she gave to foreign ambassadors
dynasty 2. forming strong alliances with -HOWEVER this would be bad as France & Englishman was likely to provoke E was fully aware of England’s inability to
---- other European powers Scotland united factional rivalry wage war in Europe for a prolonged
1 – Perkin Warbeck & France (Treaty of 3. securing succession (with Somerset’s armies defeated the Scots at the - Mary preferred her Catholic cousin, period of time – England had a far
Etaples). However, these treaties were annulment) Battle of Pinkie in September 1547, but it proved Philip II of Spain, although English smaller population than France or Spain
not always stuck to in revoking support ----- too expensive to garrison border forts & he public opinion was hostile to a & lacked financial resources
for pretenders – eg Treaty of Ayton 1 – Can see this through his continuous failed to prevent the French from relieving foreign marriage. She inherited a war with France when
1492, James IV continued to support attacks on France, eager to gain territory. Edinburgh. This allowed the French to take Mary ^Mary’s marriage was treated differently she first became Queen as a result of her
PW in the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 – This would help demonstrate the strength to France in August 1548, to marry the heir to as she was female – it was thought that half-sister Mary, getting involved in one
contributed to the £13,000 sum H7 of this new monarch to foreign powers. the French throne they could not rule & be a mother – due to her marriage w/ Philip.
spent on PW in the years he threatened Believed he had a right to French Crown as This ultimately failed as it cost them £600,000 therefore there were fears that her ^so, Elizabeth adopts a defensive, reactionary
England. The fact he was prepared to Henry V had. yet income was only around £100,000 (good husband (Spanish) might try to take over & careful policy. She wanted to be in complete
spend that significant amount on him, Disastrous attack in 1512 – 10,000 soldiers thing for Northumberland to exploit to his A parliamentary delegation failed to dissuade control of her FP
despite being a ‘Misner’ King, shows sent to SW France, failed due to lack of advantage) Mary & without consulting the Privy Council, Situation in Europe in 1558
how much he felt threatened by him – Spanish support (despite only 2 years prior, Northumberland Mary chose to go ahead with the Spanish The HRE (the symbol of a united Catholic
prepared to weaken his finances & Holy League) 1550 Treaty of Boulogne – he recognised that marriage. A marriage treaty was agreed: Christendom) was under threat from
exploit his FP. Redeemed himself the following year: 1513, peace between the two might be more valuable o Gave Philip the title of King but no within
2 – expansion of trade would help battle of Spurs was won. Personally led a to England if the ongoing enemy would be Spain actual power The Pope & loyal Catholic countries, such
flourish royal finances = rly important – troop to NE France – won the 2 towns of & the HRE (as they were strong Catholics), so it o Said that Philip had no claim to the as Spain, were committed to preventing
no money when H7 inherited the Tournai & Therouanne, met one of his FP ensured England had an ally against them. This English Crown if Mary died before the spread of Protestantism.
throne. Netherlands; primary trading aims. Had proved himself on the treaty represented English defeat – Boulogne him Spain was a hugely powerful nation,
port in Antwerp – in control by MoB, international stage, as a young Prince, had been England possession – rather than o The baby would not be an heir to ruling many countries
R3’s sister. She showed hostility by playing against more experienced rulers. extending English territory in France, Boulogne Spain In 1559, Spain & France signed a peace
providing support for pretenders. However, drained royal finances – the land was given up in this treaty. Now it was only o He was not allowed to take the treaty, England had relied on the
Resulted in trade embargo – poor that had been won turned out to be v Calais that the English still had control of. Queen or future children out of the jealousy to maintain its independence –
economic decision. After relations w/ insignificant. 1519 – Tournai told back & Scotland country without the permission of now they could lose it if Spain & France
PW weakened, sought to redeem this Therouanne soon after. Short term triumph, The English were forced to remove their the nobility (suggesting he would would fight them
trade – Intercercus Magnus in 1496. hardly beginning of any new greatness. garrisons from Scotland – failure under steal the kids) New lands discovered abroad shifted the
Particular success – gave H8 the right to Also, was happening at a time when Northumberland ^this all shows the huge distrust of Philip focus beyond Europe. Countries
all of Burgundy (except Flanders). So younger monarchs started dominating However, the expensive Scottish war was ended The marriage was NOT a success despite competed for wealth & power
despite initial embargo, resulted in an Europe – Francis I won the Battle of as Northumberland realised the exasperating Mary really wanting it to be – we can see how In Scotland, Mary of Guise was ruling as
even better trade deal. However, this Marignano – gave him a reputation far cost (however, can also argue nothing was much she wanted it to be a success through regent. Increased factionalism & a divide
relation was pre-existing before his greater than what H8 had achieved. actually achieved despite this draining cost – the fact that she did not give into opposition between Protestants & Catholics
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