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PN 2004 HEALTH PROMOTION FINAL EXAM 2023
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PN 2004 HEALTH PROMOTION FINAL EXAM 2023..
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PN 2004 HEALTH PROMOTION FINAL EXAM 2023Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - ANSWER - Five categories of human needs that
motivate human behavior
- physiologic, security and safety, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization
Cohort effect - ANSWER enables us to understand older adults from different cultures and
different geographical areas
In Eriksons older adults will experience what? - ANSWER Ego integrity vs. despair-evaluating
one's life/accomplishments for meaning
Biological Theories - ANSWER explain the physiological processes that change with aging,
how is aging manifested on the molecular level in the cells, tissues, and body system.
Stochastic (statistical) perspective - ANSWER Identifies episodic events that happen
throughout one's life that cause random cell damage and accumulate over time, causing aging
Includes: Free radical, cross linking theory, wear and tear
Free radical theory - ANSWER proposes that aging is due to oxidative metabolism and the
effects of free radicals.
Wear and tear theory - ANSWER Cumulative changes as cells age and damage cellular
metabolism (Example-inability to repair damaged DNA -- heart, neurons, striated muscle,
brain cant replace after they are destroyed by wear and tear.
Nonstochastic perspective - ANSWER Aging occurs because of pre-programmed genetic
attributes or biological clock
Nursing theories of aging - ANSWER developed to address the need for providing framework
to guide caregivers in nursing homes how to care for the older people and how to support
them in the development process of aging
Is a big decline in memory and cognitive ability a part of the normal aging process? - ANSWER
No; our brains should remain relatively healthy as we age; this could be a separate disease
process
What are some things that the natural process of aging includes? - ANSWER involves subtle
changes in brain structure, chemistry, and function that commonly begin in midlife
What is decline in bone mass accelerated by? - ANSWER Immobility*
, Poor diet
Smoking
Excess alcohol intake
Decreased estrogen
Steroids
Hyperthyroidism
(Trauma)
Physiological changes of aging: collagenous tissues - ANSWER Loss of water from matrix,
loss of elastic fibers
Shrinkage of articular cartilage and vertebral discs (less shock absorption)*
Stiffer tissues and decreased ROM*
Sagging skin/organs
Physiological changes of aging: cognition* - ANSWER Decline in perceptual speed (need
more time for tasks)
Cognition declines significantly after 80 yrs
Short term memory impairments (learning new skills affected)
Numeric/verbal abilities AND long-term memory maintained!
Physiological changes of aging: vision* - ANSWER Decline in visual acuity: vision loss
common >90yrs
Decreased adaptation to dark/light -> increased sensitivity to light/glare
Loss of color discrimination
Cataracts (blurry vision)
Physiological changes of aging: skin* - ANSWER Thinning epidermis
Reduced sweat gland activity (tend to overheat)
Reduced blood supply (slower healing)
What determines how we age? - ANSWER health
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