Medicines Group: Drugs for the Central Nervous System (WBFA03305)
Summary
Samenvatting - Medicines Group: Drugs for the Central Nervous System - containing all lectures and all drugs (WBFA033-05)
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Course
Medicines Group: Drugs for the Central Nervous System (WBFA03305)
Institution
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Summary of all the lectures of the course "Drugs for the CNS". All of the drugs and all of the mechanisms that you need to know for the exam are clearly stated and organized by subject. In this summary the lectures of: basic information on CNS structure and funtions, Alcohol and drugs, Huntington d...
Medicines Group: Drugs for the Central Nervous System (WBFA03305)
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General basics
Een embryo heeft een grote hindbrain en midbrain. Een volwassene heeft een grote forebrain.
Mammal brain comparison → frontal and prefrontal cortex of human is developed during
evolution.
Regions that are closer to the spinal cord → important for basal fundamental functions of the
organisms Regions that are closer to the forebrain → important for decision making
• Becomes large in development
Body planes:
- Radial symmetrically
- Bilateral symmetrically
Decision making
Circulating, digestion, breathing
Cerebral cortex: - Bestaat uit vier delen:
- Frontal: decision making BROCA
- Parietal: (somato)sensory
- Occipital: vision
- Temporal: hearing, speach, memory, smell WERNICKE
hippocampus for learning and memory (short term, process called acquisition)
retrieval when you memorize something the day after (cortex and
hippocampus used)
(- Insular: taste, visceral, feelings)
- Essential for consciousness (mind)
Het brein bestaat uit vier STRUCTUREN:
1. Brainstem - Two main functions:
- Basic funtions
- Sensory/motor nerves (filtering and routing info)
- Three structures:
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
2. Cerebellum - Two functions:
- Motor coordination, like walking
- Motor memory, like riding a bike after a very long time
- Voluntary movements! learning how to bike
- Also called ‘arbor vitae’ (tree of life)
- Right part of cerebellum communicates with:
The right part of the spinal cord
The left part of cortex
- Ataxia is a cerebellum disfunction
3. Thalamus
- All information from spinal cord goes through
- Thalamus: sorts data
,- Hypothalamus: thermoregulation
- Pituitary gland: hormonal activity (oxytocin, water balance)
4. Cerebrum
- For integration triggers action or emotion
- White matter: fibers
- Reality: understand pictures and like or dislike them
- MRI: structural magnetic resonance imaging
- See thickness grey matter (cell bodies and neurons are located here) and see brain
activity
- fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging, measures changes in blood flow
- Ipsilateral hemisphere: on same side
- Contralateral hemisphere: on opposite site
- DTI: Measures microscopic movement of water in the brain
- Integrity of the white matter and numbers of fibers stroke
- Example: Corticospinal tract damage causes loss of movement ability
- Language-based activity: women use both sides of their brain whereas men use only a
single side. This difference may reflect different strategies used for language processing.
5. Cerebral cortex
• Consists of five parts
– Frontal cortex (about 50%)
– Parietal cortex (somatosensoric)
– Occipital cortex (vision)
– Temporal cortex (smell)
– Insular cortex (taste, visceral, feelings)
• Six-layered sheet (about 5 mm thick)
– Processing units (mini-columns)
– Primary sensory (topographical)
– Association parts (relates info)
• Total covers threequarters of brain
• Essential for consciousness (mind)
6. Corpus collosum
- Connects the left and right hemisphere by fibers (white matter).
Right hemisphere → facial recognition
Left hemisphere → reasoning, logic
- Brain areas that are involved in language → Broca’s (B), Geschwind’s (G), and Wernicke’s
(W) neocortical areas
• BROCA’S (B) area is only in left hemisphere: speaking, language produced
• GESCHWIND’S (G) area is in both hemispheres
• WERNICKE’S (W) area is in both hemispheres: language understood
7. Basal ganglia
- Involuntary movements.
- Diseases:
• Huntington disease
• Parkinson disease
- consists of caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and nucleus accumbens (Function: Reward
seeking behavior, pleasure, and addiction)
8. Midbrain- Substantia nigra
- Function: dopamine production
Disease:
• Parkinson disease neurons are dying (produce
,dopamine)
- component of substantia nigra is the black dark pigmented neuromelanin
9. Hippocampus
- CA1, CA2, CA3 areas → learning and memory
- In temporal lobe.
- Hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus is reduced.
- Hippocampus ischemia loss of neurons
POTENTIAL QUESTIONS
• What is the role of frontal cortex?
• What is the function of nucleus accumbens?
• Which neurotransmitter is produced by cells localized in substantia nigra? What is the
component of the SN neurons?
• What is the function of hippocampus? Which diseases are associated with loss of neurons in
hippocampus?
1. Primary Forebrain of the lamprey
• Dominant olfactory bulb
• Forebrain: only a small hemisphere
– Striatum pallidum brainstem
– GPh habenula brainstem
• Thalamus
• Medial pallium (precursor of hippocampus)
• Hypothalamus (output) |
• Upper brainstem (output)
– Motor output
– Monoaminergic feedback
1. Behaviour regulated by the primary brain
• Two essential forces necessary for survival of the individual and species
– Motivation to obtain food, water, warmth, comfort (reward driven)
– Motivation to escape from threat, heat, cold (misery driven)
• Very ancient mechanisms regulating behaviour (regulated by primary forebrain)
• Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, habenula
2. Secondary forebrain of the frog
• Larger hemispere
– No cerebral cortex
– Ventral striatum extrapyramidal system
– Pallium similar to the limbic system
– Rest amygdaloid complex
• Centromedial nucleus = striatum
2. Behaviour regulated by the secondary brain
• Intensity of reward driven behaviour
– Nc accumbens core – Anhedonia (lack of pleasure)
• Intensity of distress avoiding behaviour
– Nc acumbens shell – Dysphoria (feeling unhappy)
3. Tertiary forebrain of rhesus monkey
• Small olfactory bulb
• Appearance of cerebral cortex (early mammals)
– Frontal lobe
– Parietal lobe
– Occipital lobe
– Temporal lobe
• Basal ganglia
, • Cerebellum
• Small brainstem
3. Behaviour regulated by the tertiary brain
• Cerebral cortex (dorsal thalamus)
• Dorsal extrapyramidal system
• Consciousness
• Perception
• Language – Speech – Reading – Writing
• Inhibition of emotional response (primary forebrain)
• Execution of voluntary response
– Initiation, planning and execution
– Working memory
• Controlling motor response
Forebrain of humans
• Tertiary forebrain (mammal)
– Cerebral cortex
– Dorsal extrapyramidal system
• Secundary forebrain (frog)
– Limbic cortex
– Ventral extrapyramidal system
• Primary forebrain (lamprey)
– Hippocampus
– Amygdaloid complex
– Septal nuclei
– Hypothalamus
– Habenula
• Brain stem
– Midbrain
– Pons
– Medulla oblongata
• Cerebellum
• Spinal cord
– Cervical, thoracal, lumbal, sacral, coccygeal
PHYSIOLOGY OF SPECIFIC BRAIN REGIONS
- dorsal versus ventral functions
- lower versus higher functions
- cortical versus subcortical functions
1. DORSAL VERSUS VENTRAL
• Dorsal spinal cord and posterior cerebral cortex
– Afferent sensory root of spinal nerve (dorsal root)
– Ascending tracts of spinal cord
– Cerebral processing of sensory input
• Ventral spinal cord and anterior (frontal) cerebral cortex
– Efferent motor root of spinal nerve (musculoskeletal)
– Preganglionic autonomic nervous system
– Descending tracts of spinal cord
– Cerebral generation of behavioural output
2. LOWER VERSUS HIGHER
• Spinal cord
– Specific motor and autonomic control centres
• Central motor pattern generator
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