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Samenvatting - Levenslooppsychologie
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Samenvatting Levenslooppsychologie eerste jaar Toegepaste psychologie AP
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Inhoudsopgave1 Terreinverkenning....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Een korte historiek..........................................................................................................................................5
1.1.1 De verre voorgeschiedenis......................................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Start van de genetische psychologie.......................................................................................................5
1.1.3 Omvorming tot een ontwikkelingspsychologie.......................................................................................6
1.1.4 Uitgroei tot een volwaardige levenslooppsychologie.............................................................................6
1.2 De indeling in fasen........................................................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Continuïteit of discontinuïteit in de ontwikkeling...................................................................................8
1.2.2 het trapmodel..........................................................................................................................................8
1.2.3 Het gelaagde model...............................................................................................................................10
1.2.4 Het lijnmodel.........................................................................................................................................11
1.2.5 Poging tot synthese...............................................................................................................................11
1.3 Factoren die de ontwikkeling sturen............................................................................................................12
1.3.1 Rol van de erfelijkheid...........................................................................................................................12
1.3.2 Invloeden vanuit het milieu...................................................................................................................13
1.3.3 Interacties tussen erfelijkheid en milieu...............................................................................................14
1.3.4 Zelfsturing als derde factor...................................................................................................................15
2 Twee fundamentele ontwikkelingstheorieën.............................................................................................16
2.1 De psychosociale identiteitstheorie van Erikson..........................................................................................16
2.1.1 Situering t.o.v. Freud.............................................................................................................................16
2.1.2 Eriksons theorie.....................................................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Een korte evaluatie................................................................................................................................18
2.2 De cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Piaget...........................................................................................18
2.2.1 Enkele basisbegrippen...........................................................................................................................19
2.2.2 De eigenlijke ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................................20
2.2.3 Een korte evaluatie................................................................................................................................21
3 De prenatale ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................ 22
3.1 Ontwikkeling van embyro en foetus.............................................................................................................22
3.1.1 Het germinale of kiemstadium..............................................................................................................23
3.1.2 Het embryonale stadium.......................................................................................................................24
3.1.3 Het foetale stadium...............................................................................................................................25
3 maanden reflexen.................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1.4 Overzicht van de prenatale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................26
3.2 Psychisch functioneren.................................................................................................................................27
3.2.1 Bewegingen...........................................................................................................................................28
3.2.2 Gewaarwordingen.................................................................................................................................28
3.3 Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden....................................................................................................................29
3.3.1 Fysische invloeden.................................................................................................................................29
3.3.2 Psychologische invloeden......................................................................................................................31
3.4 De geboorte..................................................................................................................................................32
3.4.1 Het geboorteproces...............................................................................................................................32
4 De babytijd............................................................................................................................................... 34
4.1 Uitrusting van de pasgeborene....................................................................................................................34
4.1.1 Motorische reacties...............................................................................................................................35
1
, 4.1.2 Waarneming en cognitie.......................................................................................................................37
4.1.3 Sociale gerichtheid en emoties.............................................................................................................39
4.2 De verdere motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................................................40
4.3 Ontwikkelingen in de waarneming en de cognitie.......................................................................................41
4.3.1 De sensomotorische ontwikkelingsperiode..........................................................................................41
4.3.2 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...................................................................................43
4.4 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling......................................................................................................45
4.4.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................45
Dynamisch – affectieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................48
5 De peuterjaren.......................................................................................................................................... 50
5.1 Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................51
5.2 Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en het mentaal functioneren....................................................................51
5.2.1 Einde van de sensomotorische periode................................................................................................52
5.2.2 Begin van het preoperationeel denken.................................................................................................53
5.2.3 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...................................................................................55
5.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling......................................................................................................58
5.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................59
5.3.2 Dynamische – affectieve ontwikkeling..................................................................................................60
6 Kleuterjaren.............................................................................................................................................. 61
6.1 Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................62
6.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen..................................................................................................................62
6.1.2 Motorische ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................................62
6.1.3 De evolutie van de kindertekening (kader 6.1).....................................................................................63
6.2 Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en het mentaal functioneren....................................................................66
6.2.1 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...................................................................................67
Tekst Sofia 6.2. Het kinderspel in al zijn vormen................................................................................................70
6.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling......................................................................................................72
6.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................72
6.3.2 dynamisch – affectieve ontwikkeling....................................................................................................73
7 De schoolperiode...................................................................................................................................... 76
7.1 Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................76
7.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen..................................................................................................................76
7.1.2 Motorische ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................................77
7.2 Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en het mentaal functioneren....................................................................78
7.2.1 Het concreet operationele denken.......................................................................................................78
7.2.2 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...................................................................................80
7.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling......................................................................................................84
7.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................84
7.3.2 Dynamisch - affectieve ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................86
8 De adolescentie......................................................................................................................................... 89
8.1 Lichamelijke ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................................90
8.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen in de puberteit.........................................................................................90
8.1.2 Psychologische gevolgen van de lichaamsveranderingen....................................................................92
8.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................93
8.2.1 Kenmerken van het formeel-operationeel denken...............................................................................93
8.2.2 Enkele gevolgen van het formeel-operationeel denken.......................................................................94
2
, 8.2.3 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...................................................................................95
8.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling......................................................................................................96
8.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................96
8.3.2 Dynamisch – affectieve ontwikkeling....................................................................................................97
9 Volwassenheid.......................................................................................................................................... 99
9.1 Lichamelijke ontwikkeling en psychisch welbevinden................................................................................100
9.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen................................................................................................................100
9.1.2 Het climacterium of de overgangsjaren..............................................................................................101
9.1.3 Psychologische reacties op de lichaamsveranderingen......................................................................103
9.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................................104
9.2.1 Het postformele denken......................................................................................................................104
9.2.2 Evolutie van de intellectuele vermogens............................................................................................105
9.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling....................................................................................................106
9.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling............................................................................................................................106
9.3.2 Dynamisch affectieve ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................108
9.4 Het kernconflict van de jongvolwassenheid...............................................................................................108
9.5 Het kernconflict van de middenvolwassenheid..........................................................................................109
10 Ouderdom............................................................................................................................................. 110
10.1 Lichamelijke ontwikkeling en psychisch welbevinden..............................................................................112
10.1.1 Verlenging van de levensduur...........................................................................................................112
10.1.2 Lichamelijke veranderingen `............................................................................................................112
10.1.3 Psychologische reacties op lichaamsverandering.............................................................................114
10.2 De cognitieve ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................................115
10.2.1 Het klassieke intelligentieonderzoek................................................................................................115
10.2.2 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...............................................................................116
10.2.3 Competent ouder worden.................................................................................................................117
10.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling..................................................................................................118
10.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................118
10.3.2 Dynamisch – affectieve ontwikkeling................................................................................................118
10.4 Kernconflict...............................................................................................................................................118
3
, Inleiding
Hoofdstuk per leeftijdsperiode met telkens dezelfde thema’s:
• Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling
• Cognitieve ontwikkeling
• Sociale- en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling
• Aangevuld met specifieke onderwerpen
1 Terreinverkenning
Levenslooppsychologie = studie van het gedrag tijdens de verschillende
levensfasen.
Gedrag covert en overt gedrag
Opdracht registreren van de verschillende gedragsaspecten en integreren van
al deze gegevens
o Moeilijk om een geïntegreerd beeld te krijgen
Er zijn veel feiten en inzichten.
Verschillen in visies en uitgangspunten bij de onderzoekers.
De complexiteit van het ontwikkelingsproces.
Inleiding
1. Korte historiek (tekst Sofia)
Verre voorgeschiedenis
Start van genetische psychologie
Omvorming tot ontwikkelingspsychologie
Uitgroei tot volwaardige levenslooppsychologie
2. Indeling in fasen
3. Factoren die ontwikkeling sturen
4
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