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BIOS 252 A& P II Final Exam Study Guide (Up-to-date, , Version-2) / BIOS252 A& P II Final Exam Study Guide: Chamberlain College of Nursing $18.99
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Chapter 10:
A. Muscle tissue function
Produce body movements
Stabilized body positions
Storing and moving substances
Generates heat
B. Types of skeletal muscle proteins/function (p.300)
Contractile Proteins( generates force during contraction)
Myosin: Makes up the thick filaments, consist of a tail and two myosin heads which
binds to myosin binding site on acting molecule during contraction.
Actin: Protein that is the main component of thin filament, each actin molecule has
myosin –binding site, where myosis head of thick filament binds during contraction
Regulatory Proteins (help switch muscle contraction on and off)
Troponin. Component of thin filament, when calcium ions binds to troponin, it changes
shape, this change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding on actin molecules
Tropomyosin; Component of thin filament, when skeleton muscle fiber relaxed,
tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing myosin from
binding to actin.
Structural Proteins; Keep thin and thick filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment
Titin;Structure protein that connects z discs to M line of sarcomere helping to stabilize
thick filaments positions, can stretch and spring back unharmed
Dystrophin; Connects to the membrane protein
Chapter 11:
A. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction
1. Calcium binds to troponin, rotating tromyosin off the active site on actinng
2. Cross bridging occurs between the active site on the actin and myosin head.
3. Myosin head pivots toward the center of sarcomere pulling the Z lines closer causin
the contraction. Release store energy, calcium pull out
4.Crossbridging detachment the bond remains the same until the myosis head bind with
another ATP molecule ( rigor mortis)
5. Myosis activation the free myosis head splits the ATP into ADP and P which recooks
the head again for the next cycle
1
, Calcium and ATP need it
B. Definitions
1. Origin
The attachment of a muscle or tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the
insertion
2. Insertion
Most muscle cross at least one joint and are attach at the articulating bone.
3. Antagonist
Stretch or relax , triceps
4. Agonist
Contract to control movement (bicepts), major muscle to produce an specific
movement
5. Synergist
Prevent unwanting movement during action
6. Fixator
A muscle that stabilized the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can
act more efficiently
Chapter 12:
A. Excitatory neurotransmitter function
Graded depolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the
postsynaptic neuron (more positive) Action potential (inward flow of Na+)
B. Inhibitory neurotransmitter function
Graded hyperpolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the
postsynaptic neuron. (Inward flow of Ch and outward of K+) (No action potential)
C. Depolarization (concept)
is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric
charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.
D. Repolarization (concept)
Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane.
E. Hyperpolarization (concept
More potassium ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside
Chapter 13:
A. Internal anatomy of spinal cord
2
, 1. Anterior horn
Somatic motor nuclei
Provide nerve impulses for contraction skeletal muscle
2. Posterior horn
Contains cell bodies of interneurons and incoming sensory neurons
Located in the posterior part root ganglion of spinal nerve
3. Lateral horn
Autonomic motor nuclei
Regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
Regions in the spinal cord in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions
Between posterior and anterior horns
B. Cervical enlargement (part of body it supplies)
Attachment of the large nerves which supply the upper extremities (C4 to T1)
C. Lumbar enlargement (part of body it supplies)
Attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs (T9-T12)
D. Sympathetic stimulation
Fight or flight
Increase heart Rate
E. Parasympathetic stimulation
Rest and Digest
Decrease in the heart rate
F. Ascending tract (sensory or motor)
Delivery information to the brain
Sensory
G. Descending tract (sensory or motor)
Delivery information to the periphery
Motor
Chapter 14:
A. Meninges
Extensions of dura mater that separates parts of the brain
Falxcerebri; separates de cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
Falxcerebelli; separates cerebellum into right and left halves
Tentorium cerebelli; Separates cerebellum from cerebrum
B. Cranial nerves (number and function)
1. I Olfactory (Smell)
2. II Optic (Sight)
3. III Oculomotor (Moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts the pupil and lens of the eye)
4. IV Trochlear (Moves eyeballs)
5. V Trigeminal (Facial muscles incl. chewing; Facial sensations)
3
, 6. VI Abducens (Moves eyeballs)
7. VII Facial (Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions)
8. VIII Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)
9. IX Glossopharyngeal (Swallowing, saliva, taste)
10. X Vagus (Control of PNS e.g. smooth muscles of GI tract)
11. XI Accessory (Moving head & shoulders, swallowing)
12. XII Hypoglossal (Tongue muscles - speech & swallowing)
C. Wernicke’s area
Involve understanding and formulating speech
Damage causes word salad
Fluent aphasia
D. Broca’s area
Speech area
Motor function to form words
Non-fluent aphasia
E. Location of:
1. Primary motor area
Locate in the precentralgyrus of the frontal lobe
2. Primary somatosensory area
Located directly posterior to the central sulcus in each hemispheres, in the post
central gyrus
3. Visual cortex
Located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe.
F. Function of:
1. Hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature
Produces hormones released by pituitary gland
Produces emotions and behavioral drives
Coordinates nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates eating
Thirst center
2. Hippocampus
Crucial roles in memory formation, particularly new long-term declarative memories.
3. Medulla oblongata
Cardio vascular center (regulates heart beat)
Regulates breathing
Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccupping
4
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