Nutrition
Calorie needs each trimester of pregnancy and postpartum:
About 2,200-2,900 kcal/day
1st Trimester:No extra calories
2nd Trimester:340 calories/day
3rd Trimester: 452 calories/day
Pregnancy weight gain (recommended):
1st Trimester:Gain 1-4 lbs. during 1st trimester
2nd& 3rd Trimester: Gain 2-4 lbs. per month (about 1 lb. per week)
o Normal:25-35 lbs.
o Underweight:28-40 lbs.
o Overweight: 15-25 lbs.
o Obese: 11-20 lbs.
Foods high in calcium/folate/protein/complex carbohydrates
Calcium:1,000 mg/day; dairy, salmon, meat, turkey, liver, peas, raisons, tofu,
broccoli, fortified juice, sardines, legumes, black strap molasses, and pumpkin
seeds
Folate:400 mg before pregnancy and 600 mg during pregnancy; leafy greens
Protein:71g/day; to build muscles, skin, hair, organs. Meat, chicken, fish, dairy,
legumes, nuts and eggs.
Complex Carbs:Starches; cereal, pasta, and potatoes.
Vegan/vegetarian during pregnancy: Calcium, iron, zinc, riboflavin, vitamins D, B12,
and B6 supplements are needed.
Foods to avoid in pregnancy (food safety in pregnancy)
Pre-made deli salads (egg, pasta, chicken, macaroni, potato, etc.)
Raw sprouts
Raw seafood
Cold cut meats/Luncheon meats
Cold Hotdogs
Unpasteurized juice, cider, and milk
Soft cheese and cheese made from unpasteurized milk
Undercooked Eggs
Undercooked meat and poultry
Foods to help with constipation in pregnancy
Increase fluids. Foods high in fiber; apples, strawberries, pears, carrots, corn,
potatoes, broccoli, whole grains, whole wheat bread, bran muffins, bran cereals,
oatmeal, brown rice, whole wheat pasta, peas, lentils, kidney beans, lima beans,
baked beans, and nuts.
, Newborn
Newborn reflexes
Grasp Reflex (palmar and plantar): Press finger against base of infant’s fingers
or toes; fingers curl tightly or toes curl forward. Weak or absent response:
neurologic deficit or muscle injury. Palmar grasp lasts till 3 months old and
plantar grasp lasts till 9 months old.
Rooting: Touch or stroke from one side of mouth toward cheek; infant turns head
to side touched. Difficult to elicit if infant is sleeping or was just fed. Weak or
absent: prematurity, neurologic deficit, depression from maternal drug use. Reflex
lasts till 4 months old.
Babinski: Stroke lateral sole of foot from heel to across base of toes; Toes
flare/fan with dorsiflexion of the big toe. No response: bilateral; CNS deficit and
unilateral; local nerve damage. Reflex lasts till 9 months old.
Moro: Let infant’s head drop back 30 degrees; sharp extension and abduction of
arms followed by flexion and adduction to “embrace” position. Absent: CNS
dysfunction. Asymmetry: brachial plexus injury, paralysis, or fractured bone of
extremity. Exaggerated: maternal drug use. Reflex lasts till 6 months old.
Gallant (truck incurvation): Have infant prone, lightly stroke along the side of
the vertebral column; entire trunk flexes towards the side stimulates. No response:
CNS Deficit. Reflex lasts till 4 months old.
Stepping: Hold infant so feet touch solid surface; infant lifts alternated feet as if
walking. Asymmetry: fracture of extremity or neurologic deficit. Reflex lasts till 4
months old.
Sucking: Place nipple or glove finger in mouth, rub against palate; infant begins
to suck. May be weak if recently fed. Weak or absent: prematurity, neurologic
deficit, or maternal drug use. Reflex lasts till 1 year of age.
Swallowing: Place fluid on the back of the tongue; infant swallows fluid. Should
be coordinated with sucking. Coughing, gagging, chocking, cyanosis:
prematurity, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, or neurologic deficit.
Tonic Neck Reflex: Gently turn head to one side while infant is supine; infant extends
extremities on side to which head is turned, with flexion on opposite side. Prolonged
period in position: neurologic deficit. May be weak at birth; disappears at 4 months old.
Periods of Reactivity:
1stPeriod of Reactivity:Begins at birth and lasts for 30-60 minutes.En
faceposition to watch the baby gaze at the parents. Rooting may occur during is
this period; allow to feed. Temperature may be decreased, respirations may be as
high as 80 breaths per minute, heart rate may be elevated to 180 BPM. Crackles,
grunting, retractions, and nasal flaring may be present. Pulse and RR gradually
decrease and the infant becomes sleepy.
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