Spain age of Discovery summary AQA A Level History 1B summary notes
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AQA
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Spain, 1469-1714
ALL NOTES FOR WHOLE COURSE - 58 PAGES / 30,000+ WORDS
A* CAMBRIDE STUDENT NOTES
- Summary of whole course - Isabella and Ferdinand, Charles V, Philip II
- Economics summary for whole course
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SPAIN IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 1B AQA A LEVEL HISTORY A* NOTES
ECONOMICS SUMMARY 1469-1598
FERDINAND Alcabala 90% royal income extended to all Extreme climate, poor soil and water supply, difficulties in
AND commodities, 1.25 million maravedis a year, clergy communications
ISABELLA and nobility exempt, nobility collected Sheep focus - more imported grain than surplus exported,
Servicio was collected at annual meeting of Santa discouraged agriculture
Hermandad Solutions to royal debt compromised - nobility direct
taxation, reducing corruption, expanding estates and rent
Naples 88m first war, 366m second
1470 1470s - Castile focus on 20 million sheep - wheat imported
1474 900,000 reales tax revenue 11M/73M expected maravedis in tax
1476 Cortes of Madrigal overhauled offices de cuentas
(account keeping) and de hacienda
(administration)
1479 Treaty of Alcacovas gained Canary Islands
1480 Act of Resumption 30 million maravedis Court cost 8 million maravedis
1481 Diego de Susan 10 million maravedis
1482 Military costs 20m
‘Lust for wealth’ paused Inquisition
1483 Extraordinary income 52 maravedis
1489 Decreed sheep walks
1492 2.3 million maravedis confiscated from Jews Start of national debt 315 million maravedis at 10% juros for
Granada
Jews expelled then invited back within months
1494 Consulado in Burgos - guild and mercantile court
attempts to list lost Jewish knowledge and set
prices
Tercias Reales - third of Church tithes and cruzada
granted
1495 Towns allowed to compound alcabala and pay
encabezamiento - equivalent
1497 Currencies made equal to improve trade Cabana Real de Carreteros (guild of carters and wagoners)
improves communication
1500 Freer trade in grain
1501 Mesta monopoly over wool Mesta royal recognition any land previously used as sheep
Servicio y montazgo tax walks - distorted agriculture, much wool exported foreign
manufacture
Catherine of Aragon 60 million maravedis
1502 5 years bad harvests, lack of and inflation of grain, price
fixing by Crown did little
1503 Casa de Contratación Famine in Valencia
Naples (1494 and 1503) 454 m maravedis
1504 26 million reales tax revenue Military costs 80 million maravedis
Extraordinary income / juros 112 million maravedis Royal residences and ambassadors 35 million maravedis
Military costs 500 million maravedis (incl. NW) in last
decade
112 million maravedis annual juros repayment of loans to
Crown - debt economy
,1505 Decree encouraged free trade in grain
1510 Alcabala 320 million maravedis
1511 Consulado in Bilbao for shipping and freight
Monzon Cortes prohibited sheepwalks through
cultivated land to combat agricultural crisis
CHARLES Juros ensured nobility’s loyalty - main recipients DOMINANCE OF FOREIGN BANKERS, CASTILE MAIN FISCAL
Servicio quadrupled BURDEN, LEAST CAPABLE BIGGEST BURDEN, LOANS MADE
Each Cortes at Monzon (6 in reign) average ON SECURITY OF CASTILIAN CROWN
500,000 ducats Juros repayments 68% interest, 131 million maravedis
Borrowed 39 million ducats - some from subjects through
juros at 7%
Foreign bankers could buy offices, lands and bonds to settle
debts, gained Masterships of Military orders
Royal shares NW mortgaged years in advance
Aragon fueros limited tax to Crown and its uses
Procuradores shifted tax burden from towns to rural areas
1516 Floating debts 20,000 livres
Juros repayments third of annual revenue
1519 Pope granted right to levy subsidio - fixed
proportion of Spanish church income
1523 Cortes of Valladolid voted servicio to be paid over Charles complains debt larger than revenues
three years and levied directly on taxpayers
1530 1530s Castile alcabala 267,000 ducats a year
146,000 ducats from Military Orders a year
Aragon 200,000, Naples 290,000, Milan 300,000
duacts a year
1534 420,000 ducat income 1 million ducat expenditure
Government had spent revenue for next six years
Cortes of Madrid alcabala and tercia reales to be paid by
encabezamiento
1538 Cortes refuse sisa tax
1539 Ghent tax strikes
1540 Naple viceroy - squeeze juice from stone
1541 Charles - except from realms of Spain
1543 Almojarifazgo mayor custom duty introduced 65% Cortes revenue went on juros
Philip - prisons are full and poor walk naked
1544 Philip - defecit of 3,135,000 ducats
2.3m ducats needed, 750,000 ducats cash available
1545 Potosi Public offices and titles of nobility began being sold
1547 NW treasure confiscated to pay for Muhlberg
1548 Zacatecas Cortes complained Spain ‘Indies for the foreigner’
1550 17 NW ships 3 million ducats 1550s living costs doubled, Andalucia wheat +100%, oil
Castile ordinary tax income 1.25 million ducats, +200%, wine +600% since 1500
70% encabezamiento Interest paid by crown 49%
Since 1534 706,000 ducats NW Burgos population 21,000 vs. 1500 only 8,000
Servicio third of yearly income 400,000 ducats Valladolid wheat prices + 44% since 1511
Last 4 years only 2 of 6.6 million ducats from NW
1551 Tercias Reales 500,000 ducats
1552 Borrowed 4 million ducats for French war
Last 4 years attempts to ban export of textiles except to
Indies
, Genoese bankers charging at 67%
1555 Valladolid rent + 80% since 1530
1556 Aragon Cortes only 3 million ducats in 30 years Floating debt 7 million livres
Castile Cortes 410,000 ducats a year tripled during Exchequer owed 6.8m ducats
reign, 11 million total Encabezamiento only rose 2.5%, other taxes 27%
11.9 million ducats NW bullion in reign = 270,000 Cortes 12 petitions to ban bullion exports
ducats a year Urban poverty increased emigration
3.5 million ducats from seizure private bullion 68% Cortes revenue on juros repayments
1.6 million ducats from NW taxes and customs 1525 Cortes of Toledo / Cortes of Madrid 1528 and 1534
Quinto real on NW bullion attempted to restrict begging with licenses
Sales of Military Order lands raised 1.7 million
ducats
Servicios tripled in reign, augmented ordinary
income by one third
Shift from indirect to direct taxation - 10% of
population as nobles exempt so burden on lower
classes
Cruzada averaged 121,000 ducats a year
Military Orders had ecclesiastical status, property
and revenue to Crown
Occasional revenue from donativo and vacant sees
PHILLIP Richest monarch in Europe 3.1 million ducats Subsidio, royal share of tithes, less than 400,000 ducats a
annual revenue / Quinto Real, Zacatecas, Potosi year
Population increases and production levels rise
Castilian taxpayer wages rose 80% in reign, taxes rose 430%
Ordinary revenue - 3.1M ducats annual / Alcabala
25% revenue start of reign Indies never more than 20% of Phillip’s income
Extraordinary revenue - Servicios granted 6 times Charles ascension - interest payments 350,000 ducats a
and rejected many other / Aragon only 5 servicios / year, by Phillip’s death 4.6m ducats
servicio rose from 25% - 40% of royal revenue / Exports of Castile mainly wool and import of finished
Tithe only 1m ducats a year / Three Graces products / Land unequally distributed, poor farming
authorised by Papacy - cruzada, subsidio, excusado methods, low productivity, high tax and rent / Wool exports
1.4m ducats a year decline 400,000 to 25,000 sacks a year
40% NW bullion King’s share from royal mines Nobility excepted from servicios but not millones, but could
Tithes 1 million ducats a year, Three Graces 1.4 supply from own estates so poor suffered most
million 80 million ducats on Netherlands garrisons
40% NW bullion to foreign bankers
1557 Mercury found to refine silver BANKRUPTCY - All payments from Castilian treasury
suspended, outstanding debts consolidated at 5% juros
1558 Export duties on wool
1559 Cateau Cambresis peace financial relief
Assembly votes Nine Years Aid of 3,600,000 ducats
in Netherlands
1560 1560s Seda tax on Granada silk doubled BANKRUPTCY
Castille population tripled 1530-60
1561 Subsidio made regular levy fixed at 420,000 ducats 10% Valladolid in poverty
annually Tercia Reales
1563 Brabant tax strikes Netherlands
, 1565 From start of reign Netherlands 4.5m ducats Netherlands had cost 24m ducats
1566 Merchants allowed to export bullion
1570 1570s alcabala 3,175,000 ducats a year despite 1570s agriculture yields lowest in Europe
Cortes resistance
1571 Lepanto cost 1 million ducats
1574 Ovando President of Finance plans that would solve debt in
40 years ignored
State debt 74m ducats, x14 annual revenue
1575 Alcabala to be collected at maximum of 10% BANKRUPTCY
Netherlands army 700,000d a month. Med. 60,000d a
month, Sack of Antwerp
6 cities refuse to collect triple encabezamiento
1577 Voted to increase servicio in return for administering tax
system themselves
Encabezamiento reduced from 2.5 - 1.5m ducats
1578 Genoa ends embargo
1580 1580s 2-3 million ducats treasure fleets a year 1580s importing wheat
Economic textile production boom from NW gold
meant Segovia had 600 looms / 1580s sales of
noble tithes and crown offices / Annexed Portugal
1584 El Escorial finished 8m ducats - primarily ministry
1585 8 million ducats Catholic cause in France
1588 Armada cost 10 million ducats, planned 3.5 million
1589 Cortes agree to millones tax
1590 Silver entering Seville tripled in 30 years 1590s little ice age, Crown banned seizure of peasant
1590s Cortes agreed to millones one off taxes on ploughs previously taken for debt, land quickly bought by
foodstuffs, protest refusals to pay alcabala, nobility reducing productivity, Salinas tax on salt caused
extended 1596 revolts / Ordinary war expense rose from 1 million to 3.5
ducats
1591 Castile population 6 million
1594 Seville every year, after smuggling and fraud not more than
10 million ducats remained, of which 6 million left the
country immediately to pay for royal and traders’ debts,
leaving only 4 million
1595 Bullion - 1586-95 70.8m ducats Spending 12m ducats a year, 25% income from bullion, rest
loans and taxes
1596 Millones tax on foodstuffs from 1596 aimed to BANKRUPTCY
raise 9.3m ducats over 6 years, huge damage to
1596-1600 plague reversed population increase, surviving
poor and cost of living rose, first fixed at 8,000,000
workers demanded higher wages, drove up prices, plague
ducats spread over a period of six years, the
method of raising the money being left to the King's request for an additional donativo
towns, 1596 prolonged and increased by a further
1,300,000 ducats a year to be collected in sisas on
essential foodstuffs
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