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Introduction to Anatomy Lecture Notes
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Gross Human Structural BiologyIntroduction to Anatomy
➢ Upper extremities are on the sides with palms directed
I. INTRODUCTION anteriorly
II. Systems of the Human Body ➢ Lower extremities together with the feet directed anteriorly
III. Terms related to Position
IV. Anatomical Planes ANATOMICAL PLANES
V. Terms of Relationship 1. Median Plane/Mid-sagittal Plane– vertical plane passing
VI. Terms related to Movement longitudinally through the body dividing it to right and left halves
VII. Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen 2. Sagittal Plane/Paramedian Plane– plane passing parallel to the
VIII. Nine regions of Abdomen median plane
IX. Four Quadrants 3. Coronal Plane– vertical plane at right angles to the median plane
dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
4. Horizontal Plane/Transverse Plane– right angles to the median
and coronal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Body
Anatomy– science of the structure and function of the body
➢ Clinical Anatomy– study of macroscopic structure and function
of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health
sciences
➢ Basic Anatomy– study of minimal amount of anatomy
consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and
function of the body
➢ Gross Anatomy– study of large, easily observable parts
➢ Microscopic Anatomy– use of microscope to study very small
structures
➢ Systemic Anatomy– method of studying anatomy by systems
➢ Regional Anatomy– study of anatomy by regions
➢ Surface Anatomy– involves observation of the surface of the
body and the structures underneath that are palpable so they can be
visualized into distinct mental images.
SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. Integumentary – anything seen on surface of body, SKIN
2. Skeletal – axial & appendicular, BONES TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP
3. Articular – focuses on joints ➢ Superficial, Intermediate, Deep –refers to position of structure
4. Muscular – comprising all skeletal muscles in relation to another structure (skeletal muscle is deep to the skin;
5. Nervous – Brain & Spinal cord (CNS), and nerves arising skeletal muscle is intermediate to the skin and bone)
from them (PNS)
6. Circulatory – heart, blood vessels including lymphatic ➢ Internal –nearer the center of an organ or cavity
system (lymph nodes & vessels) ➢ External – farther away from the center of an organ/cavity (rib
7. Digestive – “Alimentary Canal”, for digestion cage is external to the heart)
IMDAD – Ingestion Mastication Digestion Absorption
Defecation ➢ Medial – nearer to the median plane
8. Respiratory – lungs and network of tubes concerned with ➢ Lateral – farther away from the median plane (nipple is medial
exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide to the armpit)
9. Urinary- kidneys, urinary bladder & excretory passages;
elimination of waste materials in form of urine ➢ Caudal –tail region of the trunk (human: coccyx)
10. Reproductive – organs concerned with reproduction ➢ Cranial –refers to the cranium/skull
11. Endocrine – ductless glands which produce secretions
called hormones
➢ Anterior– front portion
➢ Posterior – back portion
TERMS RELATED TO POSITION
Anatomical Position– refers to the person regardless of the position
❖ hand – palmar (front); dorsal (back)
they are in as if they are standing erect; used internationally
➢ Head, eyes, toes are directed anteriorly ❖ foot – plantar (lower); dorsal (upper)
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