"Life-span Development" (Santrock), Human Development 2023 St
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Course
Life-span Development
Institution
Life-span Development
"Life-span Development" (Santrock), Human Development 2023 St
Development
The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.
Life-span perspective
The perspective that developme...
"Life-span Development" (Santrock), Human
Development 2023 St
Development
The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.
Involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.
Life-span perspective
The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic,
multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation; and is
constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
Normative age-graded influences
Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group. Examples are
puberty, menopause, retirement.
Normative history-graded influences
Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical
circumstances.
Non normative life event
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people. (Ex.
Death of a parent when a child, pregnancy in early adolescence)
Culture
The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from
generation to generation.
Cross-cultural studies
Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information
about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the
degree to which it is culture-specific.
Ethnicity
A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and
language.
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic
characteristics.
Gender
The characteristics of people as males or females.
Social policy
A national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
Biological processes
Changes in an individual's physical nature.
Cognitive processes
Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Socioemotional processes
Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.
Prenatal period
Time from conception to birth
Infancy
,Developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months. Is a time of extreme dependency
on adults. many psychological, activities- language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor
coordination, and social learning- are just beginning
Toddler
A child from 1 1/2 to 3 years of age.
Early childhood
Developmental period from 3 to 5 years of age. Called the preschool years.young
children learn to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves, develop school
readiness skills, and spending many hours playing with peers. First grade usually marks
the end of early childhood.
Middle and late childhood
Developmental period front about 6 to 10 or 11 years f Loren master fundamental skills
of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Achievement becomes a more central theme of the
child's world and self control increases.
Adolescence
Developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood entered at about
10 to 12 years and ending at 18 to 21 years of age. Rapid physical changes (weight and
height gains, changes in body contour, development of sexual characteristics) and
pursuit of independence and identity. Thought is logical, abstract, and idealistic.
Early adulthood
Developmental. That begins in the early 20s and lasts through the 30s. It is a time of
establishing personal and economic independence in a career and for selecting a mate,
learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing
children
Middle adulthood
Developmental period that begins from approximately 40 to about 60 years of age. It is
a time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility; of assisting the
next generation in becoming competent mature individuals end of reaching in
maintaining satisfaction in a career.
Late adulthood
Is the developmental period that begins during the 60s or 70s unless until death. It is a
time of life review, retirement, an adjustment to new social roles and diminishing
strength and health. It is the longest span of development.
Four Ages
First age: childhood and adolecences
Second age: prime adulthood ages 20 to 59
Third age: approx 60 to 79 years of age
Fourth age: approx 80 years and older
Chronological Age
is the number of years that have elapsed since birth
Biological Age
Is a person's age in terms of biological age in terms of the biological health. involves
knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.
Psychological Age
is an individual adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same
chronological age. Older adults who continue to learn, are flexible, are motivated, have
, positive personality traits, control their emotions, and thing clearly are engaging in more
adaptive behaviors than their chronological age-mates who do not continue to learn, are
rigid, are unmotivated, do not control their emotions and do not think clearly.
Social Age
refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt. Individuals
who have better social relationships with others are happier and more likely to live
longer than individuals who are lonely.
Nature-nurture issue
Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature
refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.
Stability- Change issue
involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persists through life or
change.
Continuity and discontinuity
focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative
change (continuity) or distant stages (discontinuity). Continuity: giant oak tree growing
from seedling to tree is continuous (Quantitative). Discontinuity: caterpillar to chrysalis
to butterfly, sequence of stages (Qualitative).
Scientific method
An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information. It includes the following
steps: (1) conceptualize the problem, (2) collect data, (3) draw conclusions, and (4)
revise research conclusions and theory.
Theory
An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate
predictions.
Hypotheses
Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy.
Psychoanalytic theories
Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by
emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the
mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are
emphasized.
Frued's Theory
Theorized that patients problems were the result of experiences early in life. Focus of
pleasure and sexual impulses shift from he mouth to the anus and eventually to the
genitals.
Freud's first stage
Oral stage- infant's pleasure centers on the mouth- Birth to 1 1/2 years
Freud's second stage
Anal stage- Child's pleasure focuses on the anus 1 1/2 to 3 years.
Freud's third stage
Phallic Stage- Child's pleasure focuses not he genitals- 3 to 6 years.
Freud's fourth stage
Latency stage- Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual
skills- 6 years to puberty
Freud's fifth stage
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