Edexcel IGCSE Geography Ch4 Economic Activity and Energy Summary Sheet
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Definition of urbanisation The process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities.
-economies (manufacutring and services, not agriculture)
-size (larger in population)
-density of people and buildings (high)
6 ways urban settlements (towns and cities) -way of life
differ from rural settlements (hamlets and -services and quality (better in urban)
villages) -wealth (higher disposable income in urban)
General distribution of level of urbanisation In emerging and developed countries, there are highest levels of urbanisation (60->75%). In Africa and
across the globe South-East Asia (<45%) it is the lowest
Due to mechanisation and industrialisation, contributed by the agricultural revolution, urbanisation had a really
Analyse the urbanisation in developed rapid growth. It started in the UK in the 18th century with Industrial Revolution, due to the rural and urban
countries, e.g. UK migration.
Larger populations in small areas meant that the new factories could draw on a big pool of workers and that the
Why? larger labour force could be ever more specialized.
Definition of TNC Transnational corporations: international firms that operate in more than one country
How many percentage of UK population live
in urban areas? But how many percentage of
land use is urban? 90%, 10%
What is the current rate of urbanisation in the
UK? 5%
Analyse the urbanisation in developing It started more recently, since the 1950s, due to the Industrialisation creating rural and urban migration in NEEs.
countries It started slowly, but now growing faster than developing cities (e.g. 2.4% in India).
Trend of world population and urban
population increase between 1950 and 2015 world pop doubled, urban pop trebled (half of the world's pop lives in urban areas)
Where is the rate of urbanisation higher? Developing countries (LICs) and emerging countries (NEEs)
Housing (shanty towns/squatter settlements/slums. very expensive due to high demand),
traffic congestion (lack of provision and development of transport links),
employment (excess demand for labour, form informal sector),
crime,
health (poor sanitation+lack of doctors and healthcare services=typhoid, cholera),
access to water and electricity (provision of basic services do not keep up with the rapid rate of growth),
crime rates high, (murder, rape, robbery)
lack of education (children have to work to support family, lack of schools and teachers),
Problems of rapid urbanisation 11? (hint: a environmental pollution (+waste disposal)
lot of development of services cannot keep food access,
up with the rapid rate of urbanisation) segregation
Selling goods on the street, working as a cleaner or shoe-shiner, rickshaw driver, selling drugs, picking up trash
Examples of work from the informal sector and recyclable materials on the street and sell them to vendors.
Difference between shanty towns, squatter Shanty towns: self built buildings, Squatter settlements: buildings and housings on land that is not owned by
settlements and slums them. Slums: poor quality of housing
A large proportion of the population already lives in urban settlements, and there is a decrease in natural
Why is the rate of urbanisation lower in HICs? population growth due to ageing population.
Started more recently (since 1950's bcs industrialisation), started slowly, but now growing faster than developed
When did urbanisation occur in LICs? cities (2.4% in India vs 0.4% in UK). Growing due to migration (push & pull factors) and natural increase
3 reasons why high rates of urbanisation -most new economic development in these countries is concentrated in the big cities
occur in developing and emerging -push-pull factors are leading to high rate of rural-to-urban migration (healthcare, education, sanitation, jobs…)
countries -high rates of natural increase in population (fertility rate>mortality rate)
Define push factor A factor or circumstance which encourages you to emigrate from the place (countryside)
Define pull factor A factor or circumstance which encourages you to immigrate to a place (city)
more jobs, higher wages, better living conditions, better education and health services, better facilities, less
7 examples of pull factors chance of natural disasters, efficient government
unemployment, lower wages, crop failure, poor living conditions, poor health and education services, few
9 examples of push factors facilities, natural disasters, civil war, political corruption, poor quality housing
What is rural dilution? When features of urban settlements spread into rural areas.
Reason for rural dilution Modern transport and communication
The pathway shows how the level of urbanisation changes over time. Countries become more urban as they
develop economically, gradually moving from LIC to HIC. In between, they pass through an 'emerging' stage. A
country starts at a very low level of urbanisation, with a large population of subsistence farmers. Then, the rate
of urbanisation accelerates due to rapid rural to urban migration and natural increase in population. As the pace
of economics development slows, so too does the rates of urbanisation, but at that point about 2/3 of the
population is already living in urban settlements. At the last stage, the rate of urbanisation slows down due to
What is the urbanisation pathway? counterurbanisation (people moving from towns to rural areas and outskirts).
Agglomeration, suburbanisation, commuting, urban regeneration, counter urbanisation, urban reimaging,
Name the 7 key processes of urbanisation. urbanisation of suburbs
What is agglomeration? The concentration/cluster of people and economic activities at favourable locations
What is suburbanisation? Expansion of cities, forming suburbs (people moving from inner cities to outskirts)
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