Class notes for Vphy Veterinary Physiology: Blood Physiology
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Course
Vphy (VPHY)
Institution
Visayas State University
Book
Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms
It mainly covers blood physiology and includes important details regarding circulation or circulatory system. Also tackles blood coagulation, erythrocytes formation etc.
Test Bank For Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms 2nd Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
Class Notes (VPhy) Vet. physiology: Nervous System
Class Notes (Vphy) Vet. Physiology: Respiratory System
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Visayas State University
Vphy (VPHY)
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1
Module 6: Blood Physiology ■ outflowing vessels called
arteries
Evolution of Circulation ■ intake pores called ostia
■ intake vessels called
Circulatory systems evolved to overcome the limits of veins
diffusion ● different versions of open systems are
found in many animal groups, including
note: most mollusks and all arthropods
● diffusion of molecules, and to a lesser extent
conduction of heat, are slow processes b. Closed systems
● For single-celled organisms – movement of ● the fluid – blood – exits a heart through
molecules occurs primarily by diffusion, since vessels that are continuous all the way
distances are quite small and metabolic demands back to the intake side of the heart
are not high ○ delivery (outgoing) vessels branch
● animals evolved thicker and larger bodies and and become smaller and smaller
higher metabolic rates → the need for internal until they become tiny leaky
circulatory systems became paramount because of capillaries – flow slows down &
diffusion limits exchange of materials occurs
circulatory systems – overcome the slowness of diffusion by with body cells
the much faster process of bulk transport: movement of the ○ such vessels then merge and
medium that contains the molecules (and cells) of interest become larger in size and fewer
in number as blood is returned to
Circulatory systems have up to three distinct the heart
components: fluid, pump, and vessels ● Capillaries – primary structure
distinguishing a closed from an open
From a functional standpoint, a circulatory system can have system; some open systems have delivery
the following components: vessels that branch into quite small ones,
1. The fluid itself: they are not contiguous with return
● carries the transported molecules and vessels
cells; ● are found in several animal groups,
● typically called blood or hemolymph including cephalopod mollusks, annelids,
○ terms associated often contain and vertebrates
the root hemo or emia
2. A pump: Circulatory Fluids and Cells
● to move the fluid;
● dedicated pumps are usually called hearts, Circulatory fluid
○ and terms associated with them ● Blood
often contain the root cardio ● carries transported molecules & cells
3. Vessels
● to carry the fluid between the pump and Circulatory fluids are traditionally divided into two
body tissues; components:
● these are called vascular components 1. liquid called plasma – primarily water containing a
variety of dissolved and dispersed molecules
note: 2. cellular elements – may be several specialized
● not all three components are necessary for some kinds
types of circulation ● in hemolymph – various cell types are
○ completely enclosed vessels are absent in called hemocytes → are responsible for
many animal groups immune functions, clotting, and some
○ biological pumps are not always distinct oxygen transport
dedicated organs (hearts) ● in vertebrates – 3 types of specialized
cellular elements suspended in the
plasma:
Circulatory systems can be open or closed ○ erythrocytes – for oxygen
transport
note: ○ leukocytes – for immunity
● Small animals with an internal fluid-filled body ○ thrombocytes or platelets – (for
cavity, such as nematodes (roundworms), may clotting
move materials through body motions that simply
move the internal fluid Methodology: The Hematocrit
● complex animals have dedicated pumps and If a sample of whole blood or hemolymph is placed in a test
vessels that actively circulate the fluid tube, treated to prevent clotting, and centrifuged, the
heavier cellular elements move to the bottom and the
internal circulation of fluids is divided into two broad lighter plasma rises to the top → hematocrit, or packed cell
categories: volume
a. Open systems
● the fuid – hemolymph – moves via ● packed cell volume/PVC
pumping through vessels ● indication of the oxygen delivery capacity of a
○ these vessels open like garden species
hoses into extracellular spaces ○ Human, Homo sapiens: 45% in males, 42%
among the tissues, bathing them in females
directly for molecular exchanges ○ Weddell seal: 46% in pups; 63.5 % in adults
with cells ○ Pekin duck, Anas domesticus: 45% at sea
● the space filled with hemolymph → level, 56% after four weeks
hemocoel; may be subdivided into smaller ○ Striped bass, Morone saxatilis: 39% if
spaces called sinuses acclimated to 5˚C, 53% if acclimated to
● fluid may be moved by cilia or by hearts 25˚C
○ hearts have: ○ Icefish of Antarctica: <1%
, 2
○ Ark snails (Arcidae family): 6–7% ● Immune effectors: γ-globulins are the
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Plasma is an aqueous medium for inorganic ions, gases,
and numerous organic solutes Lipoprotein complexes carry energy lipids and structural
lipids for biosynthesis
Plasma
● typically consists of 90% or more water ● lipids are hydrophobic, they are not very soluble in
● which serves as a medium for a large number of blood or hemolymph
organic and inorganic substances being carried in ○ thus, , most lipids in circulation are
the fluid converted into droplets attached to
● in mammals – most plentiful organic specific plasma protein carriers called
constituents are the plasma proteins (6-8% of apolipoproteins
plasma’s total weight) ○ resulting droplets are lipoproteins which
● most abundant electrolytes (ions) in virtually all can disperse in circulatory fluids and then
animal plasmas are: Na+ and Cl− ; smaller amounts transport lipids between tissues
of HCO3 −, K+, Ca2+, and others
○ functions of these ECF ions: membrane note:
potential, osmotic distribution of fluid ● cells of most anis need lipids for:
between the ECF and cells, and buffering 1. energy lipids – form large stores of
of pH chemical energy; such as triglycerides
● remaining small percentage of plasma is occupied 2. structural lipids – used for making
by nutrients; waste products; dissolved gases; membranes; phospholipids & cholesterol
hormones → most are merely transported and have
no function in plasma Major Lipoproteins in vertebrates
a. Chylomicrons (CM), produced by intestinal
Plasma proteins carry out many of the functions of absorptive cells, which transport triglycerides,
plasma cholesterol, and phospholipids after a meal
b. High-density lipoproteins (HDL), which contain
Plasma proteins – one group of plasma constituents not the most protein, some phospholipids, and least
present just for the ride cholesterol
- compose 6 to 8% of plasma’s total weight c. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which contain less
protein, some phospholipids, and more cholesterol.
Two most important nonspecific functions: d. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which
1. Colloid osmotic pressure contain the least protein and most lipid, but the
● plasma proteins exist in a colloidal lipid they carry is triglyceride for energy
dispersion
● plasma proteins usually do not exit
through the pores in capillary walls (of
closed systems) to enter the interstitial
fluid
○ plasma proteins establish an
osmotic gradient between the
blood (where they are present)
and interstitial fluid (where they
are absent)
● colloid osmotic pressure is the primary
force responsible for limiting the loss of
plasma from the capillaries into the
interstitial fluid → helps maintain plasma
volume
● in open systems – plasma proteins create
part of the osmotic pressure of the entire
ECF but not the ICF
2. Buffering
● plasma proteins are partially responsible
for the plasma’s capacity to buffer changes
in pH
Arthropods – Three major protein classes:
1. Coagulogens
2. ProPOs
3. Hexamerins
Vertebrates – three major groups of plasma proteins, which
are classified according to their various physical and
Respiratory pigments carry oxygen
chemical properties:
1. Fibrinogen – is a key factor in the blood clotting
note:
process
● other crucial types of circulatory proteins function
2. Albumins – most abundant of mammalian plasma
as respiratory pigments
proteins, bind many substances for transport
through the plasma; contribute most extensively to
Respiratory pigments
the colloid osmotic pressure
● are oxygen-binding proteins critical for transporting
3. Globulins: alpha, beta, gamma
O2 for cellular respiration
● Transporters: Specific α- and β-globulins;
● two most common:
thyroid hormone, cholesterol, and iron
○ hemoglobins – proteins in vertebrates and
● Clotting agents: α- or β-globulins
many nonvertebrates that use an iron
● Regulators: α-globulin; angiotensinogen
atom to bind an O2 molecule
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