-Covers Chapter 13-18
-Study guide for the final exam
-Includes the potential questions/concepts that will appear on the exam
-Highlights the important concepts/philosophers for the indicated chapters
-Bullet points are concise and provide important information for a specific concept and phil...
PSYCH 248 EXAM 3 REVIEWER (CH 13-18) Hergenhahn’s An Introduction to the History of Psychology
Chapter 13: Neobehaviorism ●Logical positivism
○The merging of EMPIRICISM and RATIONALISM ○The merging of objective observation with theorization ○Theories are used to explain the facts ○Still observing behaviors ●Operationism ○Defining a concept in terms of procedures used to measure the concept ●Edward Tolman
○He wanted to explain behavior ○His influence is directly relevant to modern methodological behaviorism and cognitive psychology ○He identified purpose in behavior ○Often referred to mental events as the causes and determinants of behavior
○Intervening variables ■Real causes of behavior ■Mental events, cognitions, having judgments ●These occur during the learning and expression of behavior ■Explanation of the intervening variables in the formation of a cognitive map ●Clark Hull ○Methodological behaviorists ○Speculated internal causes of behavior ○Intervening variables were physiological ○Mechanistic determinist and a materialist ○Hypothetico-deductive theory ■Reinforcement ●It results from drive reduction ●Drive is an important intervening variable between stimulus and response ●B.F. Skinner ○Positivist, not a logical positivist ○Radical behaviorist because he believed there was no causal role for mental events in human behavior ○Operant conditioning ■Differentiated between the learning that was studied by Watson and Pavlov and the learning that was studied by himself and Thorndike ■In the case of Pavlovian (classical) conditioning the cause of the response is known and the response occurred to that cause ( Respondent learning )
■Instrumental conditioning = Operant conditioning ■In the case of instrumental conditioning, the cause of the behavior is not known but what is known is the consequences that maintain the behavior. In this case, the behavior is operating on the environment and therefore he called it operant conditioning ○Skinner’s Views ■The nature of reinforcement : It can only be defined through its process ■The environment: Selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies ■Positive control of behavior: Punishment does not reduce behavior in the
long run. Punishment is widely used because it is reinforcing to the punisher ○Anti-theoretical ■There was nothing to be gained by studying the physiological underpinnings of behavior ■Theories were not necessary to do good science ○Skinnerian principles → behavior modification ■Predict and control behavior ■People learn bad behavior because it was reinforced. Change the reinforcement contingencies so that there are no reinforcers for undesirable behaviors and positive reinforcers for desirable behaviors Chapter 14: Gestalt Psychology ●Gestalt psychologists were against the molecular or elemental approach ●They advocated taking a molar approach Max Wertheimer ●Formal founding of Gestalt psychology is credited to him ●Discovered the phi phi phenomenon ○The apparent movement of light when two lights are flashed sequentially 60 ms apart ○Conclusions about perception i.Does not correspond to sensory stimulation on a one-to-one basis ii.Perceptions cannot be predicted from the sensations forming them iii.The whole percept is greater than the sum of its parts (most important
conclusion)
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