-Covers Chapter 1-6
-Acts as a study guide for 1st exam
-Bulleted points
-Highlights important concepts and philosophers for each chapter
-Provides the potential questions and concepts that might appear in the midterm exam
PSYCH 248 EXAM 1 REVIEWER (CH 1-6) Hergenhahn’s An Introduction to the History of Psychology
Psychology as a Science and Early Greek Thought (Chapter 1-2) Terminologies
●Empiricism
oKnowledge is known through direction observation of the world oThe mind is a slate on which experience is imprinted and we retrieve exactly goes
in ●Rationalism oKnowledge of the world is known through rational thought oKnowledge occurs as a transformation of sensory experience ●Laws oA consistent relationship between two or more observed phenomena ●Theory oA system of ideas that explain something based on general principles that are independent of the things it explains ●Determinism: Assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws oBiological: Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior oEnvironmental: Stresses the importance of environmental stimuli as determinants of behavior oSocial: Emphasizes the cultural or societal rules, regulations, customs, and beliefs
that constrain human behavior ●Indeterministic: There are specific causes of behavior, but they cannot be accurately known oEx. Kant’s conclusion that a science of psychology is impossible because the mind could not be objectively employed to study itself ●Nondeterministic: Individual freely chooses courses of action, he or she alone is responsible for them oFree Will: Behavior is freely chosen and is thus independent of physical or psychical causes ●Materialism: Belief that matter is the only reality, and therefore, everything in the universe, including the cognitions, and behavior of organisms, must be explained in terms
of matter
●Idealism: All reality is explained in terms of consciousness ●Monism: All psychological phenomena are explained by one reality (matter) ●Dualism: The position that there is a mind and a body oInteractionism: the body and the mind interact oEpiphenomenalists: mental states are bi-products of brain states oDouble aspectism: the mind and the body are inseparable and do not interact. They are two aspects of the same thing oEmergentism: Mental states emerge from physical brain states ●Nativism: Emphasizes the role of inheritance (nature) in his or her explanation of the origins of various human attributes
●Irrationalism: Explain behavior determined by emotional or unconscious processes ●Elementalist: All of mental life could be explained by referring to the activity of one simple system ●Reductionist: Explaining one phenomena at one level [mental activity] by the simpler components that make it up at a lower level [atomic activity]
●Sophists: Believed that truth was relative; Truth depends on the perceiver, her experiences and her culture oProfessional teachers or lawyers oThere is no single “Truth” was thought to exist oThe question of what can humans know and how can they know it ●Animism: Looking at all of nature as though it were alive ●Anthropomorphism: Projection of human attributes onto nature ●Epistemology: How do we know things in the world? ●Cosmologists
oCredited as being the first philosophers oInterested in formulating explanations of things based on the primordial substances (e.g., ‘physis’) oBelieved, each in his own way, that the soul was a manifestation of some primordial substance, and that the soul held the body together Early Greek Philosophers ●Thales oEmphasized natural explanations and minimized supernatural ones oThings in the universe consist of natural substances and are governed by the natural principles oPhysis was WATER (life depends on it) ●Anaximander
oFrom a mixture of water and earth, there arose FISH
●Heraclitus oAssumed FIRE is the physis oThe world was that nothing ever “is”; rather, everything is “BECOMING” oHow can something be known if it is constantly changing? oSenses do not give knowledge of the world ●Parmenides oBelieved that all change was an illusion oKnowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience provides only illusion oReification position ▪Being able to think about and talk about something, implied its existence ●Zeno of Elea oUsed logical demonstrations to show that change was an illusion ●Pythagoras oShowing mathematics can be used to model and thus explain and predict nature oFor everything in the universe was found in numbers and in numerical relationships oBody and the mind was separate, each with its own function oBody was seen as a prison and vile, full of lusts that needed to be ignored oMind was rational and capable of knowing truth and beauty ●Empedocles oHumans consists of four elements: earth, fire, air, and water oPostulated two causal powers of the universe: love and strife oHumans and animals evolved through process of natural selection oEidola ▪Objects in the outside environment throw off tiny copies of themselves; enters the blood through the pores of the body ▪We perceive objects by internalizing copies of them oHealth occurs when the four elements of the body are in proper balance
▪Illness results when they are not balanced ●Anaxagoras
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