CSET Multiple Subjects Subtest 1 Reading
Language and Literature & History and Social
Science Questions and Answers 2023
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION - -Almost every human child succeeds in learning
language. The most complex skill that a human being will ever master.
Nearly all people succeed in learning this complex skill demonstrates how
well language has adapted to human nature. Language is the complete
expression of what it means to be human.
-Basic Components of Human Language - -1.Phonology
2.Semantics
3.Grammar:
4.Pragmatics:
5.Morphology:
6.Syntax:
-phonology - -The study of the sound system of a given language and the
analysis and classification of its phonemes.
-Semantics - -The system of meanings that are expressed by words and
phrases. In order to serve as a means of communication between people,
words must have a shared or conventional meaning. Picking out the correct
meaning for each new word is a major learning task for children.
-Grammer - -The system of rules by which words and phrases are arranged
to make meaningful statements. Children need to learn how to use the
ordering of words to mark grammatical functions such as subject or direct
object.
-Pragmatics - -The field of study that emphasizes how language is used in
specific situations to accomplish goals
-Morphology - -The study of word formation and structure.
-Syntax - -The grammatical arrangement of words in sentences;the rules for
combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language,
-Methods for Studying Language Acquisition - -1. Recording and transcribing
what children say.
2. Researchers can HABITUATE
3. Children can be shown pictures of toys along with their name
, -Methods for Studying Language Acquision - -4. Children can be asked to
answer questions,
5. repeat sentences
6. judgments about grammar.
-Reasons for Studying Language Acquisition - -Having obtained a set of data
from children or their parents, researchers next need to group these data
into measures of particular types of language skills, such as vocabulary,
sentences, concepts, or conversational
abilities.
-What is Language? - -Language is the human capacity for acquiring and
using complex systems of communication.
-Linguistics - -The scientific study of language is called linguistics.
-How Many Language are there? - -Number of languages and dialects.
estimates vary between around 6,000 and 7,000 languages
-What does Human Language Rely on? - -social convention and learning.
-How did Language originate? - -Language is thought to have originated
when early hominins first started cooperating, gradually changing their
primate communication systems as they acquired the ability to form a theory
of other minds and shared intentionality.The use of language is deeply
entrenched in human culture.
-Where is Language processed in the brain? - -Language is processed in
many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca's and
Wernicke's areas.
-How do humans acquire language? - -Humans acquire language through
social interaction in early childhood. Children generally speak fluently when
they are around three years old.
-What are the social and cultural uses of Language? - -Signifying group
identity, social stratification, as well as for social grooming and
entertainment.
-Semiosis - -To relate signs with particular meanings. Languages rely on the
process of semiosis.
-How are languages Systematic? - -All languages have systems.
-Phonological system - -Governs how symbols are used to form sequences
known as words or morphemes.
, -Universality of Linguistic Structures or Languages - -All languages are
systemic
All languages are conventional
All languages are redundant.
All languages change.
-How are languages Conventional? - -It means that everyone speaks the
language the same way. All of a certain item has one name.
-How are languages Redundant? - -It means that all languages say the
same things twice (e.g. subject-verb agreement.)
-How do languages Change? - -Languages never stay the same. New words
are added, their is a loss of words, or both.
-Syntactic System - -A system of rules and structures which governs how
words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.
-Potential For Differences among Languages - -Languages evolve and
diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed
by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral
languages must have had for the later stages to have occurred.
-What is a Language Family? - -A group of languages that descend from a
common ancestor is known as a language family.
-olondo European Language Family - -English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian
and Hindi.
-Sino-Tibetan language Family - -Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and many
others
-Semitic language Family - -Arabic, Amharic and Hebrew
-oBantu language Family - -which include Swahili, Zulu, Shona and
hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa.
-What are the properties of Human Language - -Human language has the
properties of productivity, recursivity, and displacement.
-First Language Acquisition - -BABBLING (0.6-1.0, ma-ma-ma), 1 word
HOLOPHRASES(1.0-2.0, baba, ka), 2 word UTTERANCES(2.0-2.6),
TELEGRAPHIC 3-9 words, Mama sit down ground, ALMOST ADULT LIKE 3 to 5
years- I better go check & see what Papa's doing
, -Phoneme - -The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech.
-Morpheme - -The smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or
grammatical function. Stem, prefix, suffix. Phonemes are combined to make
Morphemes/ play, play+s, play+er+s, un+play+able, re+play+ed,
play+ful+ly *adding morphemes changes the meaning
-In terms of Phonemic awareness, What is a Phoneme? - -A phoneme
respresents each distinct "mouth move" a child makes in a word. For
example, the word "pop" has three distinct phonemes or mouth moves: /p/
/o/ /p/. The word "chop" also has three mouth moves, but the first is made up
of two letters: /ch/.
-Phonemic Awareness - -The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the
individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.
-Why is Phonemic Awareness Important? - -Essential to learning to read in
an alphabetic writing system, because letters represent Sounds or
phonemes. Without phonemic awareness, phonics makes little sense.
Fundamental to mapping speech to print.
-Give an example of why Phomemic Awareness is important. - -If a child
cannot hear that man and moon begin with the same sound or cannot blend
the sounds into the word run, he or she may have great difficulty connecting
sounds with their written symbols or blending sounds to make a word.
-What is the best predictor of early reading Success? - -Phonemic
Awareness
-Phonics - -Teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with
their sound values. Teaching what sounds correspond to what letters and
how to blend the sounds together to learn to pronunciate an unknown word
-Continuous Sound - -A sound that can be prolonged ( stretched out)
without distortion ) ( ex: R, S, A,M)
-Onset-Rime - -In a syllable, the onset is the initial consonant or consonants,
and the rime is the vowel and any consonants that follow it (e.g., the word
sat, the onset is "s" and the rime is "at". In the word flip, the onset is "fl" and
the rime is "ip").
-Segmentation - -The seperation of words into Phonemes.
-Examples of Phonemes - -The word "sun" has 3 phonemes: /s/ /u/ /n/ .
The word "shut" also has three phonemes: /sh/ /u/ /t/ .
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