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EARTH SCIENCE - SEISMOLOGY/EARTHQUAKE
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This file is all about earthquakes. How to measure, how to locate, its effects and many more.
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earthquake - is a trembling or shaking of the ● Rayleigh waves behave like ocean waves,ground caused by the sudden release of energy and cause the ground to move in an
stored in the rocks beneath Earth’s surface elliptical path opposite the direction of
- Tectonic forces within the Earth produce wave motion; Extremely destructive to
stresses on rocks that eventually exceed buildings
their elastic limits, resulting in brittle
failure MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
Energy is released during earthquakes in the - Seismometers are used to measure
form of seismic waves seismic waves
- Released from a position along a break - Seismographs are recording devices
between two rock masses (fault) used to produce a permanent record of
Elastic rebound theory explains the occurrence the motion detected by seismometers
of earthquakes as a sudden release of strain - Seismograms are the permanent paper
progressively stored in rocks that bend until (or digital) records of the earthquake
they finally break and move along a fault vibrations; Used to measure the
strength of earthquakes
The point within the Earth where seismic waves
originate is called the focus (or hypocenter) of LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
the earthquake, and is the point of initial P- and S-waves start out from the focus of an
breakage and movement along a fault earthquake at same time
The point on the Earth’s surface directly above P-wave gets farther and farther ahead of the
the focus is known as the epicenter S-wave with distance and time from the
earthquake
Two types of waves are produced during
earthquakes: body waves and surface waves Travel-time curve can be used to determine the
- Body waves are seismic waves that travel distance to the focus based on the time gap
outward from the focus in all directions through between first P- and S-wave arrivals; Plotting
Earth’s interior distances from 3 stations on a map, as circles
● P waves are compressional (or with radii equaling the distance from the quake,
longitudinal) body waves in which rock will show the location of the epicenter
vibrates back and forth parallel to the
direction of wave propagation; Fast (4 to P- and S-waves start out from the focus of an
7 kilometers per second) wave that is earthquake at same time
the first or primary wave to arrive at a
recording station following an P-wave gets farther and farther ahead of the
earthquake; Can pass through solids S-wave with distance and time from the
and fluids (liquids or gases) earthquake
● S waves are shearing (or transverse)
body waves in which rock vibrates back Travel-time curve can be used to determine the
and forth perpendicular to the direction distance to the focus based on the time gap
of wave propagation; Slower (2 to 5 between first P- and S-wave arrivals
kilometers per second) wave that is the
secondary wave to arrive at a recording Plotting distances from 3 stations on a map, as
station following an earthquake; Can circles with radii equaling the distance from the
pass only through solids quake, will show the location of the epicenter
- Surface waves are seismic waves that travel
along Earth’s surface away from the epicenter; MEASURING THE SIZE OF EARTHQUAKES
Slowest type of seismic waves set off by Size of earthquakes is measured in two
earthquakes ways, intensity and magnitude
● Love waves involve only side-to-side
motion of the ground surface; Can’t
travel through fluids
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