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CHAPTER 12 NUR 650 TEST RATED 100 % CORRECT
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CHAPTER 12 NUR 650 TEST RATED 100 % CORRECT
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ESTUDY CHAPTER 12 NUR 650 TEST RATED 100 % CORRECT Benign tumors are usually ______________________ and contain fairly well -differentiated cells and well-organized stroma, and they do not spread to distant locations. - ANSWER encapsulated Malignant tumors, compared with benign tumors, have - ANSWER more rapid growth rates, specific microscopic alterations (anaplasia, loss of differentiation), absence of normal tissue organization, and no capsule. Th ey invade blood vessels and lymphatics and have distant metastases. Carcinomas arise from - ANSWER epithelial tissue leukemias are - ANSWER cancers of blood -forming cells. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to - ANSWER preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. Carcinoma in situ ESTUDY - ANSWER are localized to the epithelium and have not penetrated the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma. Genetic changes are - ANSWER the basis of cancer. Cancerous changes include - ANSWER small and large DNA mutations that alter genes, chromosomes, and non -coding RNAs, as well as epigenetic changes because of altered chemical modifications of DNA and histones. point muta tions - ANSWER alter a few nucleotide base pairs, which has a profound effect on the activity of resultant proteins. alterations include - ANSWER chromosome translocations, gene amplification, DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or altered expression of non -coding RNA. Some mutations, referred to as driver mutations, - ANSWER drive the progression of cancer and hysome are just ran dom events, referred to as passenger mutations, and are just along for the ride. ESTUDY Each cancer cell may develop its own set of mutations resulting in a - ANSWER genomically heterogenous mixture of cancer cells with subsets that have accumulated more and more mutations increasing the cell's malignant potential. The processes occurring during the development of cancer are in many ways analogous to wound healing. The initial proliferation of - ANSWER cancer cells and enlargement of the tumor elicit the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators by the cancer cells and adjacent nonmalignant cells. As with wound healing, mediators - ANSWER recruit inflammatory/immune cells and cells normally associated with tissue repair. These cells form the stroma that surrounds and infiltrates the tumor. Extensive paracrine signaling among the - ANSWER stromal and cancer cells affects both populations cancer cells increase - ANSWER proliferation and become more heterogenous during tumor growth and stromal cel ls undergo evolution to phenotypes that promote cancer progression and metastatic potential. Cancer heterogeneity arises fromThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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