Human Heredity Principles and Issues 11th Edition By Michael Cummings (Instructor Manual)
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Human Heredity Principles and Issues, 11e Michael
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Human Heredity Principles And Issues, 11e Michael
Human Heredity Principles and Issues, 11e Michael Cummings (Instructor Manual)
Human Heredity Principles and Issues, 11e Michael Cummings (Instructor Manual)
(Human Heredity Principles and Issues, 11e Michael Cummings)
(Instructor Manual)
1
A PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN GENETICS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
GENETICS AND TRANSLATIONAL Eugenics was used to restrict
MEDICINE reproductive rights.
GENETICS IS THE KEY TO BIOLOGY The decline of eugenics in the U.S.
WHAT ARE GENES AND HOW DO THEY began with the rise of the Nazi
WORK? movement.
EXPLORING GENETICS—Genetic WHAT IMPACT IS GENOMICS HAVING?
Disorders in Culture and Art Identifying and using genetic
HOW ARE GENES TRANSMITTED FROM variation in genomics.
PARENTS TO OFFSPRING? Health care uses genetic testing and
HOW DO SCIENTISTS STUDY GENES? genome scanning.
Some basic methods in genetics. Stem cell research offers hope for
Genetics is used in basic and applied treating many diseases.
research. Biotechnology is impacting everyday
HAS GENETICS AFFECTED SOCIAL life.
POLICY AND LAW? WHAT CHOICES DO WE MAKE IN THE
The misuse of genetics has affected ERA OF GENOMICS AND
social policy. BIOTECHNOLOGY?
Eugenics was used to pass restrictive
immigration laws in the U.S.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Chapter 1 introduces the student to genetics, the science of heredity. The first part emphasizes
that heredity can be studied at many levels and that there are several different branches of
genetics, which are defined and described. The DNA molecule is described, and the basic way
in which genes work is presented.
Mendel’s historical insight about how genes are transmitted from parent to offspring is
summarized. Then transmission genetics (including pedigree analysis, the basic tool of human
geneticists), cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics are described. Basic
research, as distinguished from applied research, and some of the benefits and controversial
developments of applied research are introduced.
The last part of the chapter highlights the impact human genetics has on our lives. Many of the
applications of genetic knowledge possess political, legal, and ethical implications, which the
A Perspective on Human Genetics
,readers are encouraged to examine. This begins with an account of the eugenics movement and
how it has affected our laws and social policies. It continues with an outline of how
recombinant DNA technology and genomics are changing our lives. Specifically, it describes
how knowledge of the human genome, stem cell research, and biotechnology are
revolutionizing health care and agriculture. It ends with examples of some of the challenging
practical and ethical choices we face in the new era of biotechnology.
The chapter’s emphasis on ethical and social issues is taken up by two “Genetics and Society”
sections on genetic disorders in culture and art, and eugenics in Nazi Germany, respectively.
TEACHING/LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to:
1-1 Genetics and Translational Medicine
1-1-1: Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to
cancer treatment.
1-2 Genetics Is the Key to Biology
1-2-1: Define the term genetics and summarize its role in our understanding of all of
biology.
1-3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work?
1-3-1: Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule.
1-3-2: Describe the role of genes in the production of proteins.
1-4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring?
1-4-1: Discuss Gregor Mendel and his role in the early science of genetics.
1-4-2: Explain how Mendel’s research with pea plants has increased our understanding of
how specific traits are passed from parent to offspring by genes.
1-5 How Do Scientists Study Genes?
1-5-1: Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics.
1-5-2: Differentiate between basic and applied research and illustrate how each approach is
used in the study of genetics.
1-6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law?
1-6-1: Explain the field of eugenics as proposed by Francis Galton.
1-6-2: Assess the social and political ramifications of eugenics policies.
1-6-3: Summarize the flaws in eugenics theory and critique its influence in the U.S. during
the early 20th century.
1-7 What Impact Is Genomics Having?
1-7-1: Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of
disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification.
1-8 What Choices Do We Make in the Era of Genomics and Biotechnology?
1-8-1: Debate the ethical and social issues that the use of genomics and biotechnology
introduces to society.
Chapter One
,TERMS DEFINED IN THIS CHAPTER
• Translational Medicine: The union of research and medicine that seeks to quickly
translate research findings into methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
• Immunotherapy: A method for treating diseases by stimulating or enhancing an
immune response.
• Genetics: The scientific study of heredity.
• Trait: Any observable property of an organism.
• Gene: The fundamental unit of heredity and the basic structural and functional unit of
genetics.
• DNA: A helical molecule consisting of two strands of nucleotides that is the primary
carrier of genetic information.
• Transmission genetics: The branch of genetics concerned with the mechanisms by
which genes are transferred from parent to offspring.
• Pedigree analysis: The construction of family trees and their use to follow the
transmission of genetic traits in families. It is the basic method of studying the
inheritance of traits in humans.
• Cytogenetics: The branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of
genes and chromosomes using the techniques of microscopy.
• Karyotype: A complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed
during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence.
• Molecular genetics: The study of genetic events at the biochemical level.
• Recombinant DNA technology: A series of techniques in which DNA fragments are
linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules, which are
replicated in a host cell.
• Clones: Genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms all derived from a single
ancestor.
• Gene therapy: Procedure in which normal genes are transplanted into humans carrying
defective copies as a means of treating genetic diseases.
• Genome: The set of genetic information carried in the DNA of an individual.
• Genomics: The study of the organization, function, and evolution of genomes.
• Population genetics: The branch of genetics that studies inherited variation in
populations of individuals and the forces that alter gene frequency.
• Eugenics: The attempt to improve the human species by selective breeding.
• Hereditarianism: The idea that human traits are determined solely by genetic
inheritance, ignoring the contribution of the environment.
A Perspective on Human Genetics
, • Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): Single nucleotide differences between and
among individuals in a population or species.
• Haplotype: A set of genetic markers located close together on a single chromosome or
chromosome region.
• Genome-wide association study (GWAS): Analysis of genetic variation across an entire
genome searching for association between variations and a genome region encoding a
specific phenotype.
• Biotechnology: The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce commercial goods
and services.
TEACHING HINTS
Since this is an introductory chapter, many concepts and terms are introduced but not
explained at any length. Encourage students to do active reading of this chapter by writing
down any questions that come to their minds. Perhaps give them a specific assignment to write
four or five such questions for class discussion. The class discussion can then be used to answer
questions and/or point out that some questions will be answered in detail in coming parts of the
course. This helps students to develop an overall sense of the course content and to anticipate
some of what is to come, and this is one purpose of Chapter 1.
The one major topic of Chapter 1 not significantly developed in later chapters is eugenics.
Students usually show great interest in this topic and can easily be horrified by the accounts of
its misuse in both Nazi Germany and the U.S. Three good, provocative questions for them to get
beyond mere horror are: (1) Can genetics ever be a valid reason for restrictive immigration
policies? (2) Are there any circumstances in which compulsory sterilization can be justified? and
(3) Are there genetic technologies in use today or ones that will be available in the near future
that could be considered as promoting eugenics?
VIDEOS, WEBSITES, AND ANIMATIONS
VIDEOS
TED Talks — Barry Schuler Genomics 101
The former CEO of AOL talks about the ramifications of genomic research.
http://www.ted.com/talks/barry_schuler_genomics_101.html
TED Talks — James Watson
The co-discoverer of the structure of DNA on how it was discovered.
http://www.ted.com/talks/james_watson_on_how_he_discovered_dna.html
Chapter One
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