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WGU D027 Pathopharmacology Study Guide (Complete Solution)
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WGU D027 Pathopharmacology Study Guide (Complete Solution)
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WGU D027 Pathopharmacology Study Guide(Complete Solution)
Color blindness and hemophilia - sex-linked traits,
cones lack one or more wavelength-sensitive chemicals, you will be unable to distinguish
the colors red, green or blue. Some conditions that can cause color deficits are sickle cell
anemia.
Thiazide diuretics mechanism of action - -Inhibit Na reabsorption in the *distal tubule*
-Promotes up to 10% of Na and H2O excretion
-Increase urinary excretion of other electrolytes
Diuril (chlorothiazide) - 1st line drug tx for antihypertensive, thiazide diuretic, tx by
reducing bld vol, increased urination
Calcium Channel Blockers - (INE)agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart
muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and
nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation;
used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Ca Channel Blockers - Dilate the arteries and reduce the force of the heart's contractions
Norvasc (amlodipine)
Cardizem (Diltiazem)
ACE inhibitors adverse effects - 1. first dose hypotension
2. orthostatic hypotension
3.tachycardia
4.photosensitvity
5.renal insufficiency
6. hyperkalemia
7. Angioedema
8. Bone marrow depression
Beta Blockers - decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors by
inhibiting effects of norepi
Escitalopram - Lexapro
SSRI
pituitary gland - The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
atherosclerotic plaque - fatty deposits accumulated due to elevated glucose levels
,Primary HTN risk factors - 1. Genetic predisposition
2. Excess dietary salt intake
3. Adrenergic tone
4. racial pattern (HIGHEST : African Americans)
Primary HTN causes - Renal Parenchymal disease
Renal vascular disease
essential HTN
Cardiovascular disease
CNS abnormalities
Endocrine disease
Syndromes
Medication related (rare).
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) proteins, mutation driving lung cancer - medicate
with Tagrisso, a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Tagrisso (osimertinib) - non-small cell lung cancer
muscular dystrophy (MD) - group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of
muscle and weakness
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) - Dx based on physical symptoms, family history, an
elevated concentration of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood indicating destruction of
muscle, and molecular genetic testing.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy symptoms - Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles; use upper
extremity to help them stand up; waddling gait
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance - Skips generations, usually seen in only 1 generation.
25% of offsprings from 2 carrier parents affected.
Often due to enzyme deficiencies, more severe than dominant disorders; symptoms
presents in childhood.
autosomal dominant inheritance - presence of certain genes that means there is a 100%
chance of the person eventually getting the disease
autosomal dominant disorders - Huntington's Disease
Achondroplasia
Neurofibromatosis
autosomal recessive disorders - Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia,
phenylketonuria
anterior pituitary gland - AKA the adenohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is made of
glandular tissue. It makes and secretes six different hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH,
, prolactin, and growth hormone. The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and
inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland - ADH and oxytocin
adrenal glands - a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the
hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to
arouse the body in times of stress.
CHF (congestive heart failure) - condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to
the rest of the body
etiologies include arrhythmia, pulm embolism, hypertension, valvular heart disease,
myocarditis, unstable angina, renal failure, severe anemia;
coronary artery disease (CAD) - a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the
flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often
caused by atherosclerosis
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - Adrenal cortex
stimulates gluconeogenesis
anti-inflammatory
immunosuppression
chemotherapeutic agents - synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of
foreign cell populations; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of
neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell
chemotherapeutic index - maximum tolerable dose per kilogram of body weight, divided by
the minimum dose per kilogram of body weight, that will cure the disease
breast cancer treatment - Trust HER!
{Trastuzumab is used to treat Breast Cancers with HER2/neu receptors.
This drug is a monoclonal antibody specific for HER2/neu receptor }
Topoisomerase inhibitors - interfere with the action of topoisomerase enzymes
(topoisomerase I and II). During the process of chemo treatments, topoisomerase enzymes
control the manipulation of the structure of DNA necessary for replication.
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex) - rheumatoid arthritis
Folic acid antagonist
Nitrosureas (Carmustine, Lomustine & Streptozocin) - spontaneously form active
intermediates that cross-link DNA; can cross blood-brain-barrier and is indicated for brain
tumors
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