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OCR Biology A level 6.1.1 Cellular control summary notes $3.89   Add to cart

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OCR Biology A level 6.1.1 Cellular control summary notes

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Summary notes for topic 6.1.1 Cellular control of OCR Biology A level Module 6. Detailed electronic notes with diagrams.

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  • June 22, 2023
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6.1.1 Cellular Control
Genes code for polypeptides, including enzymes;
Gene:
 A length of DNA (sequence of nucleotide bases) that codes for one or more polypeptides
 Each gene occupies a specific locus on the chromosome
o Each chromosome consists of one molecule of DNA
o Each gene is just one part of a DNA molecule

Codes for (e.g):
 Enzymes
 Structural proteins - collagen/keratin
 Haemoglobin
 Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

The genetic code;
 TRIPLET CODE:
- Sequence of three nucleotides codes for an amino acid
 DEGENERATE CODE:
- All amino acids (except methionine) have more than one code
 Some codes don't correspond to an amino acid but indicate "STOP" - end of a polypeptide chain
 Widespread but NOT universal
- Some base sequences code for the same amino acids in all organisms but it is not always the same
(they may code for different things/more than one thing)


Mutations cause changes to the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules (unpredictable)


Explain how mutations can have beneficial, neutral or harmful effects on the way a protein functions;
Occur:
 During DNA replication Can be SILENT MUTATION:
 Meiosis  Triplet still codes for same amino acid
 No effect on polypeptide produced

Can be NEUTRAL MUTATION:
Substitution (point mutation):  Resultant differentiation gives organism no
 One base pair replaces another advantage/disadvantage
o Mutation causes change to structure of protein
o Another version of same gene - different ALLELE
o Different characteristic
 OR mutation in non-coding region of DNA
 OR silent mutation
Harmful = e.g pale skin in hot weather
Beneficial = e.g pale skin - absorb more vitamin D

Insertion: Causes a FRAME SHIFT:
 Nucleotide base inserted into genetic code  Inserted/deleted base pair changes entire coding of
DNA molecule
Deletion:  Triplet codons change
 One base removed from genetic code  Alters all amino acids after mutation

State that cyclic AMP activates proteins by altering their three-dimensional structure;
 Cyclic AMP is a nucleotide derivative
 Activates proteins by changing their 3D shape
 Shape is a better fit to their complementary shape

Explain genetic control of protein production in a prokaryote using the lac operon;

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