WGU D027 OA EXAM 2023 -2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|AGRADE What are some physical changes from Alzheimer's dementia? - ANSWER - - Brain shrinks dramatically; nerve cell death and tissue loss - Cardinal signs: plaques (abnormal clusters of protein fragments) and tangles (twisted strands of another protein) How is Alzheimer's treated? - ANSWER - - There is no cure, but there are pharmacological and non -pharmacological treatments - Cholinesterase inhibitors - Memantine (namenda) What are cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for? - ANSWER - - To treat symptoms related to memory, thinking, language, judgment, and other processes - Helps delay or slow the worsening of symptoms What does cholinesterase inhibitors do? - ANSWER - - Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that is important for learning and memory - Supports communication among nerve cells by keeping the acetylcholine high What are some commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors? - ANSWER - - Donep ezil (aricept) - Galantamine (razadyne) - Rivastigmine (exeleon) Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for all stages of Alzheimer's? - ANSWER - - Donepezil (aricept) Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild -to-moderate stages of Alzheimer 's? - ANSWER - - Galantamine (razadyne) - Rivastigmine (exeleon) Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild -to-moderate Alzheimer's and Parkinson's? - ANSWER - - Rivastigmine (exeleon) What medication combination is used to treat moderate -to-sever e Alzheimer's? - ANSWER - - Memantine (namenda) and donepezil (aricept) What is memantine (namenda) used for? - ANSWER - - Prescribed to improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability to perform simple tasks - Can be used alone or with other A lzheimer's disease treatments How does memantine (namenda) work? - ANSWER - - Regulates the activity of glutamate, a chemical involved in information processing, storage, and retrieval - Improves mental functioning and ability to perform daily activities for some people What is the difference in MOA between cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine (namenda)? - ANSWER - - Cholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, whereas memantine (namenda) regulates the activity of glutamate What is ataxia? - ANSWER - - Also known as cerebellum attacks - Degenerative disease of the nervous system - Many symptoms mimic those of being drunk (i.e. slurred speech, stumbling, falling, and incoordination) What causes the symptoms of ataxia? - ANSWER - - The damage caused to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating moveme nts - Can also be caused by damage to part of the spinal cord and nerves What is the treatment for ataxia? - ANSWER - - No treatment - In some cases, treating the underlying causes (i.e. stopping medications that cause ataxia) - In other cases, it is a re sult from chicken pox or other viral infections (likely to resolve on its own) - Genetic causes/predisposed disposition is usually chronic What causes ataxia in the pediatric population? - ANSWER - - Genetic predisposition - Fragile X -Associated Tremor/At axia Syndrome (FXTAS) - Prader -Willie Syndrome What is Fragile X syndrome (FXS)? - ANSWER - - A genetic condition inherited from parents which results in various developmental problems - Rare, but may be dangerous or life -threatening - Present at birth a nd is a lifelong condition - Rarely requires lab testing or imaging - Often linked to autism (1/3 do have autism) - X-linked disorder Since Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is an X -linked disorder, does a specific gender have a greater risk? - ANSWER - - Often, f emales are carriers and males are affected - However, both males and females can be carriers, and both can be affected by the condition - Usually milder in females How did Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) get its name? - ANSWER - - The gene Fragile X (the FMR1 ge ne) is on the X syndrome - Mutation of the FMR1 gene What is the difference between Fragile X -Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)? - ANSWER - - Both caused by mutations on the FMR1 gene, but they are caused by different changes in this gene - FXS is caused by a full mutation - FXTAS is a premutation - FXS is present at birth, but display these features in early life - FXTAS develops in adulthood (usually after age 50) and the symptoms may appear slowly and develop over the years - FXTAS individuals are usually healthy with normal cognitive skills prior to the onset How is Fragile X -Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) diagnosed? - ANSWER - - Being a FMR1 premutation carrier - The appearance of neurological features such as ataxia (balance problems), tremors, and other symptoms - MRI findings (changes in the brain) What is Prader -Willie Syndrome? - ANSWER - - Gene tic disorder that affects many parts of the body and their growth - Causes mental and behavioral problems - Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated - Combination of contraceptives contraindicated in breast feeding - More common in females - Confirmed from laboratory findings What is the cause of Prader -Willi Syndrome? - ANSWER - - Depletion of chromosome 15 from father - Missing or non -working genes on chromosome 15 (15q11 -q13) - Most cases are not inherited and occur randomly - Depletion of genes (genes from the region are missing) - Uniparental disomy - both chromosomes are inherited from the mother - Imprinting mutation - genes on the paternal chromosome is inactive What does Prader -Willi Syndrome do to the body? - ANSWER - - Caused the hypothalamus to malfunction (the area of the brain that affects hunger, thirst, sex and growth hormones) - In infancy, an individual does not meet development milestones suck as sitting up and walking - Their eyes lack coordination What is a key feature of Prader -Willi Syndrome? - ANSWER - - A constant sense of hunger that usually begins around 2 years of age - People with Prader -Willi Syndrome want to eat constantly because they never feel full What are some symptoms in infants with Prader -Willi Syndrome? - ANSWER - - Hypotonia with floppy structure and poor muscle tone - Distinct facial features affecting the shape and size of eyes, lips, forehead, etc. - Poor sucking ability making it difficult to feed - Always lethargic and poor responsiveness - Underdeveloped genitals What is celiac disease? - ANSWER - - Autoimmune disease - Damages to the small intestina l epithelium when there is ingestion of gluten - Loss of mucosal surface and brush border enzymes leads to severe malabsorption that is more pronounced in the duodenum and jejunum What strong genetic disposition does celiac disease have? - ANSWER - - Huma n leukocyte antigen DQ2 (HLA -DQ2) and HLA -DQ5 What test is recommended for celiac disease? - ANSWER - - IgA-tTG - Total IgA - Simple, inexpensive, widely available, typically covered by insurance, and is very accurate in untreated celiac disease
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