Essentials of Sociology A Down -To-Earth Approach 13th Edition Solution Manual Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 Chapter 2 Culture 13 Chapter 3 Socialization 22 Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 33 Chapter 5 Social Groups and Formal Organizations 42 Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control 52 Chapter 7 Global Stratification 61 Chapter 8 Social Class in the United States 72 Chapter 9 Race and Ethnicity 82 Chapter 10 Gender and Age 93 Chapter 11 Politics and the Economy 106 Chapter 12 Marriage and Family 118 Chapter 13 Education and Religion 130 Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization 142 Chapter 15 Social Change and the Environment 153 iii Instructor’s Manual for Henslin, Essentials of Sociology: A Down -to-Earth Approach , 13/e 1 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Chapter Summary This chapter explains what sociology is and how it is similar to and different from other social sciences, and it conveys a basic understanding of sociological research methods. The sociological perspective focuses on the intersection of b iography and history. This chapter also discusses the origins of sociology, focusing on European sociologists who wrote about the Industrial Revolution and exploring how sociology came to exist in the United States. The chapter discusses the contributions and debates of sociologists within the United States, including the debate between pure sociology and social reform. The chapter also introduces the three main perspectives of sociology: symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. It demonstrates and explains the stages of research design: selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating a hypothesis, choosing a research method, collecting data, analyzing the results, and sharing the results. The chapter then outlines the different types of research design, including surveys, participant observation or fieldwork, case studies, secondary analysis, analysis of documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures. The chapter concludes with considerations for gender in research, research ethics, and a discussion of the influence of globalization within the field of sociology. Learning Objectives LO 1.1: Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. (p. 3) LO 1.2: Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. (p. 4) LO 1.3: Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. (p. 9) LO 1.4: Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. (p. 14) LO 1.5: Explain why common sense can’t replace sociological research. (p. 21) LO 1.6: Know the eight steps of the research model. (p. 21) LO 1.7: Know the main elements of the seven research methods. (p. 24) LO 1.8: Explain how gender is significant in sociological research. (p. 32) LO 1.9: Explain why it’s vital for sociologists to protect the people they study and discuss the two cases that are presented. (p. 33) LO 1.10: Explain how research versus reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology. (p. 34) Instructor’s Manual for Henslin, Essentials of Sociology: A Down -to-Earth Approach , 13/e 2 Chapter Outline A. The Sociological Perspective 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. 1. This perspective is important because it provides a different way of looking at familiar worlds. It allows us to gain a new vision of social life. a) The sociological perspective is an approach to understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context. i. The center of sociological perspective examines how people are influenced by society —or the group of people who share a culture and a territory. ii. The sociological perspective stresses the broader social context of behavior by looking at individuals’ social location —employment, income, education, gender, age, and race —and by cons idering external influences —people’s experiences —which are internalized and become part of a person’s thinking and motivations. We are able to see the links between what people do and the social settings that shape their behavior. iii. The sociologist C. Wright Mills referred to the sociological perspective as the intersection of biography (the individual) and history (social factors that influence the individual). iv. The sociological perspective allows us to view the connection between history, meaning event s that a society experiences, and biography, or an individual’s experiences within a specific historical setting. v. The sociological perspective can help us see how social settings shape people’s behavior. 2. This perspective enables us to analyze and understand both the forces that contribute to the emergence and growth of the global village and our unique experiences in our own smaller corners of this village. B. Origins of Sociology 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. 1. Sociology developed in the middle of the nineteenth century when European social observers began to use scientific methods to test their ideas. The following four factors led to its development: a) The social upheaval in Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which led to changes in the way people lived their lives b) The political revolutions in America and France, which encouraged people to rethink their ideas about social life c) The development of imperialism —as the Europeans conquered othe r nations, they came in contact with different cultures and began to ask why cultures vary d) The success of the natural sciences, which created a desire to apply scientific methods to find answers for the questions being raised about the social world 2. Auguste Comte coined the term “sociology” and suggested the use of positivism — applying the scientific approach to the social world —but he did not utilize this approach himself. Comte believed that this new science should not only discover soc iological principles, but should then apply those principles to social reform. Instructor’s Manual for Henslin, Essentials of Sociology: A Down -to-Earth Approach , 13/e 3 3. Herbert Spencer viewed societies as evolutionary, coined the term “the survival of the fittest,” and became known for social Darwinism. Spencer was convinced that no one should intervene in the evolution of society and that attempts at social reform were wrong. 4. Karl Marx, whose ideas about social classes and class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat was the foundation of the conflict perspective, be lieved that class conflict is the key to human history. Marx believed that the conflict and struggle would end only with a revolution by the working class. 5. Emile Durkheim played an important role in the development of sociology. a) One of his primary goals was to get sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline. b) He was interested in understanding the social factors that influence individual behavior; he studied suicide rates among different groups and concluded that social integra tion—the degree to which people are tied to their social groups —is a key social factor in suicide. c) Durkheim’s third concern was that social research be practical; sociologists should not only diagnose the causes of social problems but should also develop solutions for them. 6. Max Weber was one of the most influential of all sociologists, raising issues that remain controversial even today. Disagreeing with Karl Marx, Weber defined religion as a central force in social change (i.e., Protestantism encourages greater economic development and was the central factor in the rise of capitalism in some countries). a) The Protestant belief system encouraged its members to embrace change. b) Protestants sought “signs” that they were doing God’s will; financial success became a major sign. The more money they made, the more secure they were about their religious standing. c) Weber called this behavior the Protestant ethic ; he called their readiness to invest capital to make more money the spirit of capitalism. C. Sociology in North America 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. 1. In the early years of sociology, men dominated the field because rigidly defined social roles prevented most women from pursuing an education. a) Women were supposed to devote themselves to the four Ks: Kirche, Küchen, Kinder, und Kleider (church, cooking, children, and clothes). b) Few people, male or female, attained education beyond basic writing and math, but most higher education was reserved for men. c) The few early female sociologists included Marion Talbot, an associate editor for the American Journal of Sociology for thirty years. Others went beyond sociology such as Grace Abbott, chief of the U.S. government’s Children’s Bureau; and Frances Perkins, the first woman to hold a cabinet position. d) Most early female sociologists viewed sociology as a path for social reform. Academics who viewed the opposite distanced themselves from female sociologists. e) Harriet Martineau studied social life in both Great Britain and the United States, publishing Society in America decades before Durkheim and Weber were even born.
