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Summary Attachment: the state of art, lecture
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Lecture notes (slides own notes) of attachment: the state of the art. Slides in English, most of the notes also English, some Dutch additions
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Attachment: state of the artCollege 3 30-11-2016
Nature and nurture Temperament and Attachment
Nature and nurture
Interaction between inborn characteristics and external influence
Temperament and personality, genetic makeup, (neuro)biological characteristics
Biology in attachment research
3 classes, but distinction not absolute:
Psychophysiological, e.g.
- Heart rate
- Skin conductance
- Cortisol, activity of the stress system.
Neurobiological, e.g. measure brain activity
- EEG
- fMRI
Hormones & neurotransmitters, you can manipulate them
- Oxytocin, Vasopressin (social behaviours)
- Testosterone, Estrogen
- Dopamine (neurotransmitter, important in rewarding social interaction), Serotonin
(neurotransmitter that has a lot to do with emotional behaviour)
Measuring heart rate
Been used for a long time, developed around the 20th century
EKG: Electrocardiogram is the name of the image you get (Dutch: ECG)
Beats per minute (60-80 bpm), average in relaxed condition.
R-peak is the heartbeat
Inter-beat interval, RR interval, Heart Period (750-1000 ms): the moments between
successive heartbeats, different names.
Heart rate
Various influences on heart rate
- Reflexive/mechanical
- Neural (sympathetic, parasympathetic)
Heart rate increases when energy demand increases
- Activity
- Stress response (fear, anxiety)
Attachment and heart rate
Sroufe & Waters, 1977
- Secure, avoidant and resistant infants
- Heart rate during SSP
- HR increased during separation
- HR decreased during reunion only for B
o Resistant infants remain distressed
o Avoidant infants distressed despite outward appearance
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