These notes explain a brief overview of photosynthesis, with terms such as light reactions, Calvin cycle, etc. The course is grade 12 biology, university level and are the recent notes from this year.
Photosynthesis
→ Photosynthesis (chloroplast) is the conversion of light energy, carbon dioxide, and water
to form high energy compounds
Parts of leaf
1. Cuticle: water resistant layer on surface
2. Epidermis layer: transparent layer of ce!s below cuticle
3. Mesophy! layers: ce!s that form bulk of leaf
4. Vascular bundle (vein): transport water and minerals from roots to leaves/ carries
carbohydrates from leaves to other parts
5. Guard ce!s: epidermal ce!s that control opening of stomata
6. Stoma: opening that a!ows gas exchange between air spaces interior and atmosphere
→ Guard ce!s control the diameter of stomata,
usua!y opens during day closes at night (sunlight
activates proton pump causing H+ ions to exit)
→ The raw materials include light (passes through
epidermis to reach chloroplast in mesophy!), water
(absolbed by roots and delivered through vascular
bundle) and carbon dioxide (through stomato)
→ light is form of electromagnetic radiation that
travels in protons where longer wavelengths carry less
energy
Intro to → Pigments are molecules that absorb light and are located in thylakoid membrane. When
photosynthesis photons struck pigments, they excite electrons which pass along to start photosyntheses
( if no energy, lost as heat)
→ photosystem is made of cluster of pigments - antenna complex + reaction complex,
chicropeast have 2 photosystem: pI = P700 and p2 = P680
Light reactions: light is absorbed by chlorophy! which drives transfer of electrons to
NADP + which reduced to form NADPH
Calvin cycle: begins with carbon "xation as used NADPH and ATP to reduce carbon dioxide
to carbs
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