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Table of Contents
HOW DID THE COLD WAR PERIODS SHAPE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AFTER THE WW2:....................................2
KEY FCTORS THAT LEAD TO THESE SUSPICIONS.....................................................................................................2
WHAT DID PASTWORLD WAR 2 FOR THE WORLD LOOK LIKE................................................................................5
THE WAR TIME CONFERENCES BETWEEN 1941 tO 1945...........................................................................................7
The war time conferences........................................................................................................................................10
Roles of leader: the big 3..........................................................................................................................................11
SWOT analysis of the leaders........................................................................................................................................12
Stalin intentions in Eastern Europe.......................................................................................................................12
Division of Germany..................................................................................................................................................14
Arrangements after World War 2.........................................................................................................................14
The Post World War Two division of Germany. ...................................................................................................14
Soviet expansion post-1945......................................................................................................................................15
The soviet occupation of Eastern Europe.............................................................................................................16
the “Long” and “Novikov” telegrams of 1946..........................................................................................................19
Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech...............................................................................................................19
Factors influencing President Truman’s “get tough” approach 1945 – 1948..........................................................20
Truman policy of containment..................................................................................................................................21
the of berlin crisis 1949-1961.......................................................................................................................................22
the Berlin blocake and airlift (June 1948 to May 1949) ...........................................................................................23
The 1953 crisis – the death of Stalin.........................................................................................................................24
The 1958 crisis...........................................................................................................................................................24
Berlin wall crisis in 1961............................................................................................................................................25
significance of the berlin wall...................................................................................................................................25
THE BERLIN WALL......................................................................................................................................................26
the end of cold war...................................................................................................................................................27
Terminology..............................................................................................................................................................27
Timeline of Cold War.....................................................................................................................................................29
aditional resources of infromation.......................................................................................................................29
VISUAL ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................................................................30
Questions......................................................................................................................................................................32
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, History: the cold war
HOW DID THE COLD WAR PERIODS SHAPE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AFTER THE
WW2:
The cold war affected international relations in the sense that it limited the sovereignty of
allies, especially that of the USSR the soviets decision o reject the Marshall Plan left the plan
in tatters because of their mistrust of American motives, they were able to split Europe
because of their deep pessimism about their ability to contain US influence
KEY FCTORS THAT LEAD TO THESE SUSPICIONS
1. The Russian revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the
territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in
1917 and concluding in 1923 with the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union at
the end of the Civil War.
The Bolshevik-led Russian Revolution of 1917, in overthrowing Tsar Nicholas II, ended
over 300 years of autocratic tsarist rule.
The Russian Revolution lasted from March 8, 1917, to June 16, 1923.
Primary causes of the Revolution included peasant, worker, and military
dissatisfaction with corruption and inefficiency within the czarist regime, and
government control of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The Russian Revolution and its immediate aftermath established the pattern of
mistrust and mutual fear that would eventually underlie the Cold War. The battle of
ideologies was not merely an intellectual conflict between opposing points of view,
but rather the justification for a very real, if undeclared, shooting war.
2. The Treaty of Versailles and the Civil War
The Treaty of Versailles was the primary treaty produced by the Paris Peace
Conference at the end of World War I. It was signed on June 28, 1919, by the Allied
and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of
Versailles and went into effect on January 10, 1920. The treaty gave some German
territories to neighbouring countries and placed other German territories under
international supervision. In addition, Germany was stripped of its overseas colonies,
its military capabilities were severely restricted, and it was required to pay war
reparations to the Allied countries. The treaty also created the League of Nations.
Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles under protest, and the United States did not
ratify the treaty. France and Britain at first tried to enforce the treaty, but over the
next several years a number of modifications were made. Germany ignored the limits
that the treaty placed on its rearmament. Payment of reparations proved ruinous,
and the attempt was abandoned after the advent of the Great Depression. The
League of Nations lasted for 26 years and had some initial successes but failed to
advance a more general disarmament or to avert international aggression and war. It
did, however, lay the groundwork for the subsequent founding of the United Nations.
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865, also known by other names)
was a civil war in the United States fought between northern and Pacific states (“the
Union” or “the North”) and southern states that voted to secede and form the
Confederate States of America (“the Confederacy” or “the South”).
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, History: the cold war
3. The policy of appeasement
The policy of appeasement refers to the actions taken by the British and French
governments in the 1930s to avoid conflict with Nazi Germany. These actions
included allowing Germany to reoccupy the Rhineland in 1936, and allowing them to
annex Austria in 1938.
People wished to avoid conflict – memories of the Great War and its suffering
were still present
Britain in the 1930s was struggling with the impact of the Depression, and so
the country could not afford another war and heavy rearmament
Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britain’s
policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. Most
closely associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, it is now widely
discredited as a policy of weakness.
4. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav
Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement
officially entitled the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, signed in Moscow in the early hours of August 24, 1939,
dated August 25, that renounced warfare between the two countries and pledged
neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. They divided
Poland in a half.
5. Stalin call for the opening of a second front
Stalin demanded his allies strike at the heart of Hitler’s empire in northwest Europe,
establishing a “second front.” To reassure Stalin about Anglo-American resolve, FDR
announced at the 1943 Casablanca Conference that the Allies would only accept an
“unconditional surrender” from the Axis Powers.
Stalin pressured Britain and America to open a “second front” in Western Europe. He
argued that an invasion across the English Channel would force Hitler to divert troops
from the Soviet front. Churchill and Roosevelt didn’t think the Allies had enough
troops to attempt an invasion an European soil.
6. Secrecy over the nuclear bomb
- The Cold War period shaped international relations after World War II through the
secrecy surrounding the development and possession of nuclear weapons.
- The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear arms race, each striving
to possess superior nuclear capabilities.
- The fear of a nuclear conflict created a heightened sense of tension and instability in
international relations.
- The doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) emerged, wherein both sides
understood that a full-scale nuclear war would result in catastrophic consequences
for both parties.
- The possession of nuclear weapons by both superpowers acted as a deterrent,
preventing direct military confrontation between the United States and the Soviet
Union.
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, History: the cold war
- The Cold War period brought about the establishment of nuclear arms control
agreements, such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT), aimed at
reducing the risk of nuclear war.
- International diplomacy during this period focused on nuclear disarmament efforts
and non-proliferation treaties to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other
nations.
- The fear of nuclear annihilation influenced foreign policy decisions and strategies,
leading to a more cautious and calculated approach to international conflicts.
7. Size of the Soviet army in 1945 and Operation Unthinkable
The Soviet victory in the Battle of Berlin finished Nazi Germany In May 1945, the Red Army
barreled into Berlin and captured the city, the final step in defeating the Third Reich and
ending World War II in Europe. In one of the war’s most iconic images, Soviet soldiers raise
their flag over the ruins of the Reichstag, Berlin, on May 2, 1945.
Operation Unthinkable was the name given to two related possible future war plans by the
British Chiefs of Staff against the Soviet Union in 1945. The plans were never implemented.
The creation of the plans was ordered by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in May
1945 and developed by the British.
Colour code
Soviet suspicion
Us and British
suspicion
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, History: the cold war
WHAT DID PASTWORLD WAR 2 FOR THE WORLD LOOK LIKE
▪ US
During the Cold War contributed to a period known as The Great Inflation, which
occurred between 1965 and 1982. Between 1965 and 1973, the U.S. spent heavily on
both the Vietnam War and the Apollo Program. The soldiers of the Soviet Union and
The United States did not do battle directly during the cold war. But the two
superpowers continually antagonized each other through the political antagonized
each other through political maneuvering, military coalitions, espionage, propaganda,
arms building, economic aid and proxy war between other nations.
The post–Cold War era is a period of history that follows the end of the Cold War,
which represents history after the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union. This period saw the
United States become the world's sole superpower in the world and the world order
become unipolar. The cold war affected domestic policy two ways: socially and
economically. Socially the intensive indoctrination of the American people led to a
regression f social reforms. Economically enormous growth spurred by industries
related to war was aided by heavy government’s expansion.
Emerged enormously wealth
Mage goods for war for example weapons and war items
Did not lose many soldiers
Capitalism was back
America has nuclear weapon and bombs
Abandons policy of isolation
▪ Britain
Britain during the early cold war years (1945–1956) When World War II in Europe
ended on May 8, 1945, the mood in Britain was one of joy and relief. Nevertheless, as
signaled by the defeat of Winston Churchill's Conservative party in the general
election a few months later, there also was a profound desire for change. The
involvement of cold war was undeniably significant in regards to the infamous arms
race and lesser known case of espionage. Britain after the cold war: The cold war
effect the British Empire: Britain attempt to insulate former colonies from the
influence the Soviet Union. In 1997 Hong Kong returned to Chinese administration.
Though still maintains overseas territories, the handover marked the final end of
Britain empire.
Suffered great economic.
Economic allies were defeated ,having relied on America
Britain have a great depression of their own
Churchill gets voted ousted, and people blamed for the economic status.
Elected Clement Attlee
Britain relies heavily on USA, but becomes allies.
▪ France
During the cold war France fashioned its foreign policy first in conjunction with and
then in opposite to the united state.in the immediate postwar era the French diverted
American monies intended for economic growth and military defense against the
USSR to colonial struggles in Indochina and Algeria.
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, History: the cold war
France continued to play a key role within the Alliance through the Cold war French
naval and air forces participated in the NATO exercises and took part in joint
procurement projects such as NADGE. France supported the United States in the
NATO alliance against the communist expansion.
France after the cold war the superpower balance outside Europe allowed France
carve out a quasi-independent sphere of influence in the North Africa, the Middle East
and black Africa . The infrastructure and economy were ruined, its cities destroyed
and the French that had survived the German occupation and had little to eat and
often even less money. France was greatly recovery by huge influx of US cash
through the Marshall Plan.
Society was upset and angry at the government for how weak they were.
Communist were the biggest resistance
France colonies started calling for independence
USA was reluctant to make France a power in Europe
▪ Germany
During the Cold War, Germany became the center for the conflict between
Communism and Democracy. Germany was the site where all the tensions between
the two ideals was played out. Because of its location as the farthest western city to
the east, Berlin was torn in half by the struggling parties. Germany was divided
during cold war between the Western Bloc led by the Unites States and the Soviet
Union in the Eastern Bloc with the two
countries. The federal Republic of
Germany (FDR or West Germany) allied
German democratic Republic (GDR or East
Germany) allied to the Soviet Union. The
division of Germany into capitalist West
and Communist East didn't lead to the
Cold War so much as it exacerbated
existing tensions between the United
States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War
was already well under way when
Germany was divided up into East and
West. Its division highlighted the
worsening tensions between the two
superpowers.
Germany after the cold war:
Post-war Germany was a significant problem
for the Allies at the end of World War II. Their opinions differed, just as they had
differed with regard to the future of Poland. At the Yalta Conference of 1943, United
States president Franklin Roosevelt suggested that Germany be hacked into small
pieces. The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9 in 1989 marked the beginning of
the end of the Cold War and eventually the Soviet Union. Soviet occupied East
Germany officially known as the German Democratic Republic was reunited with the
West Germany on October in 1990 and the Soviet Union collapsed a year later.
▪ USSR
The soviet union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries in its border
regions during the war Stalin had cratered special training centers for communists
from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow
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