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UPSC IAS PRELIMINARY CLASS 2023
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UPSC IAS PRELIMS 2023 | INDIAN POLITY | EnglishThe constitution is the basic law of the land, which defines how the state will be governed. It is a
collection of fundamental principles and regulations that govern the country. The constitution is
framed by a specialized body called the Constituent Assembly. The constitution is a power map
that allocates power among the different organs of the state, including the executive, legislature,
and judiciary. The constitution is the supreme law of the land, and all laws and regulations must
be in conformity with it.
The state has three organs - executive, legislature, and judiciary. The executive implements the
laws, the legislature makes the laws, and the judiciary interprets the laws. The Indian
Constitution has several features, including:
Parliamentary form of government
Federalism
Independent judiciary
Secularism
Separation of powers
India has a parliamentary form of government, which means we have a real executive and a
nominal executive. The head of the state is the President, but the real executive is the Prime
Minister who heads the Council of Ministers. India also has federalism, which means we have
levels of government - central and state. Our constitution also guarantees an independent
judiciary, which is a crucial feature of federalism. India is a secular country that does not have
an official religion or a state religion. Lastly, our constitution mandates separation of powers
among the organs of the state, as defined in Article 50.
The concept of power separation means that each organ of the state should have supremacy in
their own sphere and should not encroach upon the areas of the other organs. This is
mentioned in Article 50 of the Indian Constitution, which separates the executive and judiciary.
Another important feature is the fundamental rights mentioned in Part III of the Constitution,
protecting citizens against the arbitrary use of power by the state.
Polity refers to the political system of the country, which is made up of laws created by the
legislature and enforced by the judiciary. India is a democratic polity, with rule of law and
periodic free and fair elections. The rule of law includes the concepts of supremacy of law,
equality before law, and an independent judiciary to enforce the law.
Other features of a democratic political system include people's participation, conflict resolution
through dialogue, and equality and justice for all citizens. The Indian Constitution was adopted
on November 26, 1949, with 395 articles arranged in 22 parts and 8 schedules. Currently, there
are over 450 articles, 25 parts, and 12 schedules.
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