assignment A unit 14, distinction grade. which contains:
A. D1 Analyse the types of reaction mechanisms undergone by non-carbonyl and carbonyl compounds.
A.M1 Construct mechanisms for non-carbonyl and carbonyl compounds.
A. M2 Plan a multi-step synthesis of carbonyl and non-carbonyl organic mo...
a d1 analyse the types of reaction mechanisms undergone by non carbonyl
Written for
BTEC
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Applied Science 2016 NQF
Unit 14 - Applications of Organic Chemistry
All documents for this subject (193)
Seller
Follow
AppliedsciencebySarah
Reviews received
Content preview
Unit 14: Applications of Organic Chemistry
A: Understand the structures, reactions and properties of functional group
compounds.
Assignment title: Functional group chemistry for designer molecules
Functional groups determine the chemical reactivity of an organic molecule. A functional
group is a particular set of atoms in a molecule that are in charge of the chemical reactions
that are unique to that molecule. Organic compounds can be grouped into a number of major
categories according to the functional groups they contain. The placements of functional
groups inside the fundamental hydrocarbon framework are denoted by numbers in the
systematic names of organic
Name suffix or prefix structure example
halogenoalkane Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-
alcohol -ol or hydroxy-
ketone -one
aldehyde -al
carboxylic -oic acid
, ester -oate
amine -amino or acid
P1: Explain the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl functional group
compounds.
Structures, reactions, uses and properties of non-carbonyl compounds: halogenoalkanes,
alcohols, amines
Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes are alkanes where one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted for
a halogen atom, referred to as X. They are also known as haloalkanes or alkyl halides.
Halogenoalkanes are named using standard nomenclature rules.
- A prefix is added to the name of the alkane depending on what halogens are
attached.
- Another prefix is used to indicate how many atoms of each halogen are present.
- Numbers are used, where necessary, to indicate to which carbon atom(s) each
halogen is attached.
Example:
Halogenoalkanes are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
- Primary halogenoalkanes are organic compounds that have a
carbon atom attached to one alkyl group and one halogen atom.
Therefore, the general structure of a primary halogenoalkanes is
R-CH 2 -X; R is an alkyl group while X is a halogen.
- Secondary halogenoalkanes are organic compounds that have a
carbon atom attached to two alkyl groups and a halogen atom. The
general structure of a secondary halogenoalkanes is R 2 -C (-H)-X.
Here, the two alkyl groups (R group) can be similar or different
groups. We can denote these compounds as 2 0 haloalkanes.
Example:
Bromopropane Chloropropane
- Tertiary halogenoalkane, the carbon atom holding the halogen, is
attached directly to three alkyl groups, which may be any
combination of the same or different.
Examples:
2-bromo-2-methylpropane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
Chemical properties
- Nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkanes are much more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the
electronegative halogens. The halogen-carbon bond is polar causing the carbon to carry a
partial positive and the halogen a partial negative charge
A nucleophilic substitution reaction is one in which a nucleophile attacks a carbon atom
which carries a partial positive charge.
An atom that has a partial negative charge is replaced by the nucleophile
, Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes (OH−, NH3, primary amines), SN1 and
SN2 mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution, elimination reactions.
Reaction with potassium cyanide to form a nitrile (or cyanide).
CH3Cl + KCN → CH3CN + KCl
Chloromethane cyanide (nitrile)
Reaction type: Substitution
Mechanism: Nucleophilic
Conditions: KCN in water/ethanol + boil under reflux
Elimination Reactions
During an elimination reaction, a bond forms by the removal of two atoms or groups from
the original molecule. In most instances, the bond that forms is a π bond. Elimination
reactions compete with substitution reactions when alkyl halides react with a nucleophile
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller AppliedsciencebySarah. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
