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Samenvatting Media Technologie Innovatie
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SAMENVATTING MEDIA, TECHNOLOGIE EN INNOVATIE1. INTRODUCTIE .............................................................................................................................. 1
Paper: “AI social sciences deficit” (Sloane, M; Moss,E)............................................................................................. 1
1.1. A NEW ERA? ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.1. Informatiesamenleving ............................................................................................................ 3
Techno-optimisten vs. techno-pessimisten (Thierer) ............................................................................................... 3
1.2. KONDRATIEFF-GOLVEN ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1. Kondratieff .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2. Subrevoluties ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. DIGITALISERING & INNOVATIE ................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1. Digitalisering ........................................................................................................................... 7
Analoge communicatieprocessen ........................................................................................................................... 7
Digitalisering van het communicatieproces ............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.2. Innovatie ................................................................................................................................. 7
Innovatie als utopie/dystopie ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.4. DRIE PERSPECTIEVEN ............................................................................................................................. 8
2. INLEIDENDE BEGRIPPEN ................................................................................................................ 9
2.1. BASISPRINCIPES VAN DIGITALISERING .......................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. De aard van het digitale signaal ............................................................................................... 9
2.1.2. Entropie en de bit..................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3. Compressie ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.2. ENABLING & IMPLEMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................... 10
2.2.1. Veranderende grenzen ........................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Technology push .....................................................................................................................11
2.3. STANDAARDEN.................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4. LIBERALISERING EN DEREGULERING ........................................................................................................... 15
2.5. CONVERGENTIE ................................................................................................................................... 15
2.6. INNOVATIESPIRAAL ............................................................................................................................... 16
3. AUDIOVISUELE COMMUNICATIE ................................................................................................... 17
3.1. DE TECHNOLOGISCHE GESCHIEDENIS VAN MUZIEK ......................................................................................... 17
3.1.1. Oorsprong .............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.2. Marktontwikkelingen .............................................................................................................. 17
3.1.3. Disruptie richting convergentie ............................................................................................... 18
3.2. DE TECHNOLOGISCHE GESCHIEDENIS VAN RADIO ......................................................................................... 20
3.2.1. Oorsprong ............................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.2. Marktontwikkelingen ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.3. Disruptie richting convergentie ............................................................................................... 21
3.3. DE TECHNOLOGISCHE GESCHIEDENIS VAN TELEVISIE.......................................................................................22
3.3.1. Oorsprong ............................................................................................................................. 22
3.3.2. Marktontwikkelingen ............................................................................................................. 22
3.3.3. Disruptie richting convergentie ............................................................................................... 24
4. TEKSTCOMMUNICATIE ................................................................................................................ 25
4.1. OORSPRONG ...................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1. Het verspreiden van tekst ....................................................................................................... 25
Telegrafie............................................................................................................................................................. 25
Draadloze telegrafie ............................................................................................................................................. 25
De Telex ............................................................................................................................................................... 26
De Fax.................................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.2. DIGITALISERING ................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1. Digitale tekst ..........................................................................................................................27
4.2.2. Digitale afbeeldingen ..............................................................................................................27
4.2.3. Teletekst ................................................................................................................................ 28
4.2.4. Teletex en Minitel .................................................................................................................. 28
4.3. DE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE COMPUTERMARKT ............................................................................................ 29
1
, Negen mijjlpalen? ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Vier revoluties? .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Vijf strijdtonelen? ................................................................................................................................................. 29
4.3.1. Van tellen tot programmeren: ponskaarten, Colossus & ENIAC ................................................ 30
4.3.2. De eerste computerstunt (UNIVAC) en de eerste titanenstrijd ...................................................31
4.3.3. IBM en de Zeven Dwergen .......................................................................................................31
4.3.4. Shift in interface: de computermuis ........................................................................................ 32
4.3.5. De geboorte van de personal computer: de Altair en Microsoft ................................................ 32
4.3.6. De tweede titanenstrijd: Apple vs. IBM.................................................................................... 32
4.3.7. De eerste substitutie bij bedrijven ............................................................................................33
4.4. DISRUPTIE RICHTING CONVERGENTIE: HET INTERNET ..................................................................................... 34
4.4.1. Het militair geïnspireerde basisidee: ARPA .............................................................................. 34
4.4.2. Packet switching .................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.3. De academische invulling: TCP/IP ........................................................................................... 34
4.4.4. De vroege commerciële online diensten .................................................................................. 35
4.4.5. De geboorte van het World Wide Web .................................................................................... 35
4.4.6. De strijd om de toegangspoort ............................................................................................... 36
4.4.7. De verdere evolutie van het WWW: Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 … .......................................................... 36
5. SPRAAKCOMMUNICATIE ............................................................................................................. 37
5.1. OORSPRONG ...................................................................................................................................... 37
5.1.1. De eerste efficiënte vorm van stemcommunicatie..................................................................... 37
5.1.2. Het vroege telefoongebruik ..................................................................................................... 37
5.1.3. De opbouw van het moderne telefoonnetwerk ......................................................................... 37
5.1.4. De onzichtbare, eerste digitale revolutie ................................................................................. 38
5.1.5. Vroege innovaties .................................................................................................................. 38
5.1.6. De eerste interactieve diensten voor de eindgebruiker ............................................................. 39
5.2. DE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE MOBIELE TELEFONIEMARKT` ................................................................................. 39
5.2.1. De vroege vormen van mobiele communicatie ........................................................................ 39
5.2.2. De introductie van GSM ......................................................................................................... 39
5.2.3. Netwerken voor mobiele verbindingen .................................................................................... 40
5.2.4. Sms: het onverwachte succesnummer .................................................................................... 40
5.2.5. Snel opeenvolgende toestelinnovaties ..................................................................................... 40
5.2.6. The real digital divide ............................................................................................................. 41
5.3. DISRUPTIE RICHTING CONVERGENTIE: DE STRIJDTONELEN VAN DE ‘MOBILE ECONOMY’ ............................................ 41
6. ADOPTIE VAN TECHNOLOGIE ....................................................................................................... 43
6.1. INLEIDING: CONTINUÜM VAN 2 DETERMINISMEN EN HEEL WAT TUSSENLIGGENDE KADERS ....................................... 43
6.2. ADOPTIE VAN TECHNOLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 44
6.3. WAT IS DIFFUSIONISME? ...................................................................................................................... 44
6.3.1. Adoptiedeterminanten volgens Rogers.................................................................................... 45
6.3.2. Innovatiefases volgens Rogers ................................................................................................ 45
6.3.3. Adoptieprofielen volgens Rogers ............................................................................................. 45
6.3.4. Toepasbaarheid van deze theorie ........................................................................................... 46
6.4. OVERIGE CONCEPTEN EN THEORIEËN......................................................................................................... 47
6.4.1. Deteminantiemodellen ............................................................................................................47
6.4.2. Principle of relative constancy .................................................................................................47
6.4.3. The chasm ............................................................................................................................. 48
6.4.4. Bowling pin model ................................................................................................................. 48
6.4.5. Gartner’s hypecycles .............................................................................................................. 48
7. GEBRUIK VAN TECHNOLOGIE ....................................................................................................... 49
7.1. SOCIAL SHAPING OF TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 49
7.2. DOMESTICATIETHEORIE ........................................................................................................................ 49
7.2.1. The home & the daily life ........................................................................................................ 49
7.2.2. The moral economy of the home ............................................................................................ 50
7.2.3. Double articulation ................................................................................................................ 50
2
, 7.2.4. Procesmatig karakter ............................................................................................................. 50
7.2.5. Empirische praktijk................................................................................................................. 51
7.2.6. Kritiek en beperkingen ............................................................................................................ 51
7.2.7. Besluit ................................................................................................................................... 51
7.3. OVERIGE CONCEPTEN EN THEORIEËN......................................................................................................... 51
8. DE LENS VAN DE GEBRUIKER ........................................................................................................ 52
8.1. OVERDONDERD ................................................................................................................................... 52
8.2. MOORE & MORE ................................................................................................................................. 52
8.3. FREECONOMY VS. EXPERIENCE ECONOMY VS. ATTENTION ECONOMY .................................................................. 53
8.4. GENETWERKT ..................................................................................................................................... 53
8.5. AUDIOVISUELER ..................................................................................................................................54
8.6. GEFRAGMENTEERD EN GENERATIONEEL .....................................................................................................54
8.7. EMPOWERMENT .................................................................................................................................54
8.8. HOMOPARADOXALIS .............................................................................................................................54
9. DE LENS VAN DE MARKT ............................................................................................................. 55
9.1. WAT NU? .......................................................................................................................................... 55
9.2. THE LONG TAIL .................................................................................................................................... 55
9.3. EXPERIENCE ECONOMY..........................................................................................................................56
9.4. TRUST ..............................................................................................................................................56
9.5. ADVERTENTIE-INKOMSTEN ONDER DRUK ....................................................................................................56
9.6. OVER THE TOP (OTT) .......................................................................................................................... 57
9.7. PLATFORMECONOMIE ........................................................................................................................... 57
10. DE LENS VAN DE MAATSCHAPPIJ .............................................................................................. 58
10.1. WAT NU? ..........................................................................................................................................58
10.2. DE DOOD VAN PRIVACY? ........................................................................................................................58
10.3. GEMEENSCHAP IN VERVAL OF INDIVIDU IN OPBOUW? ....................................................................................59
10.4. ME, MY SELFIE AND I? ......................................................................................................................... 60
10.5. DIGITALE INCLUSIE EN GELETTERDHEID ..................................................................................................... 60
10.6. ONLINE BURGERSCHAP EN EGAGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 61
10.7. DEEL- OF UITBUITINGSECONOMIE? .......................................................................................................... 62
10.8. DISCUSSIE......................................................................................................................................... 62
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