ESSAY EXAM PREPARATIONS 2021.
1. QUESTION ONE
SUTHERLANDS NINE PROPOSITIONS (30 MARKS)
2. QUESTION TWO
SOCIAL DISORGANISATION CHICAGO SCHOOL (30 MARKS)
3. QUESTION THREE
THE ASSUMPTION OF THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL (15 MARK)
4. QUESTION 4
According to Kohlberg, serious offenders may have a mor...
According to Kohlberg, serious offenders may have a moral orientation that differs significantly
from that of law-abiding citizens. Discuss the three stages in the development of moral thinking
and decision making (15)
5. QUESTION 5
Explain the following statement. Cohen and Felson argue that certain changes in the modern world
have provided motivated offenders with a far greater number of opportunities to commit crime
(15)
6. QUESTION 5
Discuss Bandura's social learning theory of aggression and its importance to explain criminal
behaviour (15)
7. Question 1
Critically discuss the two variations of the labelling theory (25)
8. Question 2
Evaluate the contribution of Hirschi's theory to criminology (25)
9. Question 3
Discuss how each of the five reactions to anomie is a way of coping with the imbalance between
goals and means (15)
10. Question 4
The decision to offend (rational choice) is based on six propositions. Present a detailed discussion of
the six propositions (15)
11. Question 5
Discuss the importance of criminal family studies to criminology (10)
12. Question 6
Describe the assumptions of the Positivist school (10)
, 13. Question 5
Discuss the importance of criminal family studies to criminology (10)
14. Question 1
Evidence to support the supposition that criminality is inherited in the same way as physical
characteristics has been obtained from three sources. Discuss these three sources in detail (25)
15. Question 6
Indicate how criminal behaviour is explained according to Eysenck's biosocial theory (10)
16. Question 7
Conflict theory
October-November 2015 Exam SECTION A (Answer two questions)
QUESTION 1
, "Acquiring the disposition needed to commit crime is more important than learning the
techniques used in committing crime" Analyse this statement in terms of Sutherland's nine
propositions (30)
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pp. 98-102 Summary:
•According to Sutherland the criminal behaviour was learned through social interactions , In order
to describe this learning process , he developed the concept of differential association . There are 9
propositions which have been set in accordance to the fundamental principles association which
explained the process whereby a person becomes involved in crime E.Joubert (2014:98-102).
Proposition 1 : Criminal behaviour is learnt
The different association argument is that all forms of behaviour , criminal behaviour is
learnt through interaction with other people , this eliminates the roles of heredity , human
nature and innovation as a causation of deviant behaviour , these individuals may derive
from well stable homes, whereby the social norms and values are accepted and also
followed , but the behaviour that is learnt from deviant friends has an overall influence on
the individual (Joubert 2014:98) .
Proposition 2: The criminal behaviour is learned when the individual interact with the significant
others through the process of communication .
Proposition 3: The learning process occurs mainly within intimate personal groups .
In accordance to the proposition two and three its states that the criminal behaviour is
learned through active involvement with the significant others in a process of
communication ,the parents have influence in the process of education whereby the
language, habits and customs are acquired is accepted as a given . When the child becomes
older the behaviour is initially shaped by the parents comes increasingly under the influence
of peers, and that is why the parents are usually concerned about their children’s choice of
friends. According to Sutherland’s theory, the influence of media on the learning process is
regarded as minimal.
Proposition 4: During the process whereby the criminal behaviour is learnt it’s entails the following:
• The learning the techniques which are required to commit a specific crimes (which may be simple
or complex)
• The availability of the necessary motives and the driving force, rationalisation and the attitude.
Proposition 5: The specified direction which is behind the motives and drive is learnt from the
definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable .The determinants are dominance of
either the criminal or conventional influences in the person’s as whether that particular person will
regard crime as an acceptable way of life . The definition that is favourable or unfavourable for
instance towards breaking the law its makes provision of the key to different associations because
this definition acts as an determinant of an individual’s values or mind set . Even within the parental
home , children are able to learn definitions that favours breaking the law for instance are the
parents continuously or regularly committing traffic violations and also returning from work with
office supplies such as paper and pens or even discussing any possible means of evading tax .
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