in this document, i give in-depth analysis on topics covered in biology 10. by attaining this document, you will be prepared for any test or upcoming course. please do note that i cannot draw on google docs.
Section 1: DNA
a. Identify the key components of a DNA molecule
- Nucleotides: the sugar phosphate backbone+ the base pairs
- Base pairs: A (adenine), T( thymine), G(guanine), and C(cytosine)
- A bonds with T, G bonds with C, T bonds with A, C bonds with G.
- Genes: small segments of DNA located on a chromosome.
- Chromosome: threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of
DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.
- Alleles: variations of a gene in DNA (eg, curly, straight, & wavy hair)
b. Show how DNA nucleotides are connected to each other.
- First, what are nucleotides in depth?
- A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A
nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and a
nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C),
guanine (G) and thymine (T).
DIAGRAM!!!
1
, Biology 10
c. Explain how DNA sequences and genes contribute to an organism’s
characteristics (genes, alleles, chromosomes, genotype vs phenotype, etc.)
- Genes: small segments of DNA located on a chromosome
- stores info needed to produce proteins
- each gene codes for a single protein
Chromosomes: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of
most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
- each chromosome can carry thousands of genes
- every cell in your body has the same set of chromosomes and thus the same set of genes.
GENE VARIATIONS
- eg. some people have curly hair while others have straight hair.
- eg. some people have pointy nooses while other people have flat noses.
Gene Alternative alleles
Gene for eye Brown Eyes Blue Eyes Emerald Eyes Grey Eyes
colour.
Gene for Hair Blond Red Brown Black
colour
- These variations are called alleles
- because all human cells are diploid, every human carries two alleles for each gene.
- when these alleles are of the same type, the person is homozygous for that trait.
- when these alleles are of a different type, the person is heterozygous for that trait.
-
Additionally, these alleles can show dominance. Not strength, dominance.
- any dominant trait will show wheresa the recessive trait will only show if
someone is homozygous for the recessive trai
BB (Homozygous dominant) Bb (Heterozygous) Bb (Homozygous recessive)
B = Purple Allele B = white allele (for flowers)
2
, Biology 10
What are Phenotypes and Genotypes?
Phenotypes:
- to an individual's observable traits (eg. height, eye color and blood type. (Purple flower,
or white flower))
- the traits you can see in a person.
- a person’s phenotypes are determined by their genotypes, and their environment.
Genotypes:
- the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
- the combination of genes (Bb, or BB)
If we look back to the beaker baby activity…
- the possible combinations of 2 parents -> a child are vary quite a bit.
- there are many factors that can go wrong during production of a child.
Trait (phenotype) Possible geno 1 Possible geno 2 Possible geno 3 Genotype (me)
X. Sex XX = female XY = male —------------------ XX
B. Hair Colour BB = black Bb = brown bb = blonde BB
R. Tongue roll RR = roller Rr = roller rr = non-roller Rr
T. Thumb TT = bends back Tt = bends back tt = straight Tt
3
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller annalzx. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
