Exam (elaborations)
NR 224 Exam 2 Study Guide (Version 5), NR 224 Fundamental, Chamberlain University
- Course
- Institution
NR 224 Exam 2 Study Guide (Version 5), NR 224 Fundamental, Chamberlain University
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
HIGHSCORE
Reviews received
Content preview
NR 224: Fundamentals SkillsExam 2 Review
Chapter 41: Oxygenation
Know alterations in breathing pattern/ alterations in respiratory functioning.
o The three primary alterations are hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and hypoxia.
o Hypoventilation and hyperventilation are often determined by arterial blood
gas analysis.
o At rest, the NORMAL adult respiration rate is 12 to 20 regular breaths/min.
o Hyperventilation:
» rate and depth of respirations increase
» hypocarbia sometimes occurs (also called hypocapnia, meaning reduced CO2 in
the blood)
» CAUSES OF HYPERVENTILATION:
1. severe anxiety, infection, drugs, or an acid-base imbalance
induces hyperventilation
2. increased body temperature (fever) which causes increased metabolic rate
3. increased CO2 production results in patient’s rate and depth of respiration
to increase
4. sometimes can be chemically induced
» SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HYPERVENTILATION:
1. rapid respirations
2. sighing breaths
3. numbness
4. tingling of hands/feet
5. light-headedness
6. loss of consciousness
o Hypoventilation:
» respiratory rate is abnormally low, depth of ventilation is depressed
» hypercarbia sometimes occurs (also called hypercapnia, means too much CO2 in
the bloodstream)
» occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the
body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
» can lead to respiratory acidosis and respiratory arrest
» in patients with COPD, the administration of excessive oxygen results in
hypoventilation
, » for patients with atelectasis, a collapse in the alveoli prevents the normal
exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide, which results in less of the lung
being ventilated, and hypoventilation occurs
» SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HYPOVENTILATION:
1. mental status changes
2. dysrhythmias
3. potential cardiac arrest
4. in untreated, patient’s status rapidly declines, leading to
convulsions, unconsciousness, and death
o Hypoxia:
» is inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level.
» it results from a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen use at the cellular level. It is
a life-threatening condition.
» Untreated it produces possibly fatal cardiac dysrhythmias.
» CAUSES OF HYPOXIA:
1. a decreased hemoglobin level and lowered oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood
2. a diminished concentration of inspired oxygen, which occurs at high altitudes
3. the inability of the tissues to extract oxygen from the blood, as with cyanide
poisoning,
4. decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood, as in pneumonia,
5. poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood, as with shock
6. impaired ventilation, as with multiple rib fractures or chest trauma
» SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HYPOXIA:
1. apprehension
2. restlessness
3. inability to concentrate
4. decreased level of consciousness
5. dizziness
6. behavioral changes
7. unable to lie flat and appears both fatigued and agitated
8. VITAL SIGN CHANGES INLCUDE:
— an increased in pulse rate
— increase rate and depth of respiration
— in early stages, blood pressure is elevated unless caused by shock
— when worsens, respiratory rate declines as a result of respiratory
muscle fatigue
, 9. in a late sign of hypoxia, cyanosis, blue discoloration of the skin and
mucous membranes caused by the presence of desaturated hemoglobin in
capillaries would be present
10.central cyanosis observed in the tongue, soft palate, and conjunctiva of the eye
where blood flow is high
o Hypoxemia:
» refers to a decrease in the amount of arterial oxygen.
o Bradypnea:
» rate of breathing is regular and abnormally slow
» less than 12 breaths/min
o Tachypnea:
» rate of breathing is regular but abnormally rapid
» greater than 20 breaths/minute
o Hyperpnea:
» respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate
» greater than 20 breaths/min; occurs normally during exercise
o Apnea:
» absence of respiration lasting for 15 seconds or longer
» respirations cease for several seconds
» persistent cessation results in respiratory arrest
o Dyspnea:
» associated with hypoxia
» it is the subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing
» shortness of breath usually associated with exercise or excitement
» CAUSES OF DYSPNEA:
1. smoking,
2. pollution,
3. cold air
o Orthopnea:
» is an abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining
to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated
» the number of pillows used usually helps to quantify the orthopnea (e.g., two- or
three-pillow orthopnea). Also ask if the patient must sleep in a recliner chair to
breathe easier.
o Cheyne-Stokes Respiration:
» occurs when there is a decrease blood flow or injury to the brainstem
» respiratory rate and depth are irregular, characterized by alternating periods of
apnea and hyperventilation
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller HIGHSCORE. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now